Conference paper

• Urbanism, Immigration and Housing. Public Policy in the City of Bologna.

  Town planning’s social dimension is a feature of all aspects of modern cities, representing man and his need to be at the centre of the discipline and, as such, the relationship between housing, population growth and public policies. Faced with the phenomenon of immigration, the means available for city management cannot meet the needs of the social services sector in full, even though public policies have sought to bring it up to date, taking into account aspects that were previously considered of no importance to town planning such as those of an anthropological and sociological nature.
  The city of Bologna was not chosen randomly, but because it is emblematic of the rivalry between town planning and politics: from the country’s urban development, the reformist town planning proposed in the Sixties and Seventies and its social dimension to the difficult question of urban equity, property speculation, contrasts with national legislation and the importance of tools in solving the crucial problems of a city whose political, economic and social aspects have been continually altered and of late include a new component: the phenomenon of the immigration process that cannot be excluded from town planning.
  The complexity of the subject of housing and the concept of housing rights has always been acknowledged. This study, conducted in the field of town planning, arises from the need for a better understanding of international migration and its effect on the city and the relationship with town planning. Starting with a consideration of the economic crisis, I discuss the priorities and current requirements that the phenomenon of immigration represents and how the public policies adopted so far have tackled the issue of social equality for foreigners and Italians. 
  The analysis of the main structural urban planning tools comprises what was the first city expansion plan (1889), the General Development Plan (PRG 85) and the Council Structural Plan, the new general urban planning tool for the city of Bologna that replaces the old PRG. The Council Structural Plan was adopted on 16/07/2007, approved on 14/07/2008 and came into force on 10/09/2008. The instruments studied in an integrated manner were the Council Operational Plan, approved on 04/05/2009 and effective since 03/06/2000, Urban Building Regulations, adopted on 20/04/2009 and effective since 20/05/2009, and Regional Act No. 20/2000.
  The research attempts to investigate the importance of democracy in public policies, specifying the instruments contained in urban development plans as important social planning tools, as the city is an area of conflict in which we find a series of interests that often conceal the fact that they do not correspond or correspond only partly with the aspirations of its inhabitants, without forgetting to analyse aspects such as social insecurity, diversity and urban integration, urban decay and regeneration, along with all their variables.
  The conclusion is that an area governed at a local level, but with a global outlook, has more probability of successfully implementing its policies, since transparency and disclosure of results to the public are vital.

  Town planning’s social dimension is a feature of all aspects of modern cities, representing man and his need to be at the centre of the discipline and, as such, the relationship between housing, population growth and public policies. Faced with the phenomenon of immigration, the means available for city management cannot meet the needs of the social services sector in full, even though public policies have sought to bring it up to date, taking into account aspects that were previously considered of no importance to town planning such as those of an anthropological and sociological nature.
  The city of Bologna was not chosen randomly, but because it is emblematic of the rivalry between town planning and politics: from the country’s urban development, the reformist town planning proposed in the Sixties and Seventies and its social dimension to the difficult question of urban equity, property speculation, contrasts with national legislation and the importance...

  Town planning’s social dimension is a feature of all aspects of modern cities, representing man and his need to be at the centre of the discipline and, as such, the relationship between housing, population growth and public policies. Faced with the phenomenon of immigration, the means...

  Arabela Vaz

  39-37

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• Settlement pattern corruption problem in rural areas and alternative approaches: Beyşehir – Emen, Turkey experiences

  Rural areas are under different types of pressure due to their geographical locations in the country, distance to the urban areas and their natural and cultural features. Managing of this pressure is important in terms of conservation of settlement character and sustainability of spatial features of the rural areas. 
  In Turkey, different approaches and models have been developed for the rural areas since the first years of republic. These policies, which were produced with names such as community development, central village, village city, agriculture city, have contributed to social and economic development of rural areas. However, spatial corruption of rural areas could not be prevented although economic development was created with difference policies and strategies. In this context, the main objective of this study is to examine factors causing spatial corruption of rural areas. In light of the findings obtained, approaches on conservation and sustainability of rural areas were discussed. 
  In order to discuss and develop solutions for this problem, a protocol was signed between the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Karadeniz Technical University and Selcuk University in 2010. The project named " Rural Planning Focusing on Conservation: A Proposal Model" targeted to be developed with the cooperation of these institutions was supported by Turkey Scientific and Technical Research Organization and this project was completed in 2015.
  Within the project, field researches have been made in two different areas of Turkey by two Universities. In light of the findings, character of the settlements were determined and these findings have been entry in planning works in two example settlements selected. 
  Findings obtained with the field research made by the project team have been base for the structural plan study in Emen, which is in Beysehir Lake's basin, one of the most important fresh water basins in Turkey. The reason why Emen selected in the project is that it has important values in terms of natural and cultural landscaping.
  The most important subject that should be emphasized within the findings obtained as result of the study is that the rural settlements are different than urban areas in terms of their road width and tissues, parcel sizes, floor area ratio and building heights. Another result is that "rural-specific" approaches, which would direct spatial development and construction in rural areas, have not been developed in Turkey. Supervision of spatial development and construction in rural areas with regulations and laws on development of urban areas has caused corruption in settlement character/fabric of the rural areas. Thus, "rural-specific" approaches should be developed for conserving settlement fabric/pattern in rural areas for increasing resilience against construction pressure.

  Rural areas are under different types of pressure due to their geographical locations in the country, distance to the urban areas and their natural and cultural features. Managing of this pressure is important in terms of conservation of settlement character and sustainability of spatial features of the rural areas. 
  In Turkey, different approaches and models have been developed for the rural areas since the first years of republic. These policies, which were produced with names such as community development, central village, village city, agriculture city, have contributed to social and economic development of rural areas. However, spatial corruption of rural areas could not be prevented although economic development was created with difference policies and strategies. In this context, the main objective of this study is to examine factors causing spatial corruption of rural areas. In light of the findings obtained, approaches on conservation and...

  Rural areas are under different types of pressure due to their geographical locations in the country, distance to the urban areas and their natural and cultural features. Managing of this pressure is important in terms of conservation of settlement character and sustainability of spatial...

  Sinan Levend, Mehmet Çağlar Meşhur, Neslihan Serdaroğlu Sağ

  41-52

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• Facing rapid urbanization: a century of East African Urbanism.

  East-Africa is one of the least urbanized regions in the world, but living one of the fastest urbanization. Its urban history has roots in the cosmopolitan Swahili culture and common experiences related to British and German colonialism and the East African Community. During the 20th century it has been a great laboratory regarding the effort of ordering growth according to very different political visions and social projects: almost everything has been tested in planning and urban design, with a relevant gradient of determinism in the designing efforts, from total to minimal. The East-Africans are excellent samples of contemporary metropolises facing the unstoppable proliferation of informal growth due to uncontrolled migrations and unsustainable development. Dar es Salaam, Nairobi, Mombasa, Kampala, Kigali and the metropolitan archipelago of Zanzibar have already passed the quota of a million inhabitants and the biggest cities are running million after million, with more than half of this growth occurring informally. From the beginning of their urban history all these cities have faced the issue of hosting different communities with different lifestyles, symbols, rituals, fears and public spaces. Their urban history is a telling overview on the relevance of urban architecture in determining their future. The paper proposes and overview on urban design and planning attempts over the last century proposing a periodization and investigating their influence in driving city growth and in contributing to city resilience through political and ecological changes.

  East-Africa is one of the least urbanized regions in the world, but living one of the fastest urbanization. Its urban history has roots in the cosmopolitan Swahili culture and common experiences related to British and German colonialism and the East African Community. During the 20th century it has been a great laboratory regarding the effort of ordering growth according to very different political visions and social projects: almost everything has been tested in planning and urban design, with a relevant gradient of determinism in the designing efforts, from total to minimal. The East-Africans are excellent samples of contemporary metropolises facing the unstoppable proliferation of informal growth due to uncontrolled migrations and unsustainable development. Dar es Salaam, Nairobi, Mombasa, Kampala, Kigali and the metropolitan archipelago of Zanzibar have already passed the quota of a million inhabitants and the biggest cities are running million after million, with more...

  East-Africa is one of the least urbanized regions in the world, but living one of the fastest urbanization. Its urban history has roots in the cosmopolitan Swahili culture and common experiences related to British and German colonialism and the East African Community. During the 20th...

  Alessandro Frigerio

  67-78

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• The Australian Metropolis 2000-2015In 2000 the authors published The Australian Metropolis: A Planning History, an account of the evolution of Australian metropolitan planning from the early years of colonial settlement to the end of the twentieth century

  In 2000 the authors published The Australian Metropolis: A Planning History, an account of the evolution of Australian metropolitan planning from the early years of colonial settlement to the end of the twentieth century. Most state governments were by then pursuing strategies to make their capital city-regions more compact and were encouraging reduction in car dependency. The final chapter identified a growing tension between ‘sustainable’ and ‘productive’ aspirations. On the one hand, environmental concerns were seen as underpinning renewed popular and political support for public planning. On the other was the rise of what we called ‘market triumphalism’, acknowledging the turn to neo-liberal policies preoccupied with global competitiveness alongside evidence of growing inequality, social diversity and ‘short-termism’ of political priorities.
  This paper looks at what has happened to Australian metropolitan planning in the decade and a half since the book was published. The opening decade of the twenty-first century saw sustained economic growth, largely as a consequence of a resource boom triggered by rising levels of industrial activity and consumption amongst Australia’s largest trading partners, albeit slowed for several years by the Global Financial Crisis. Australia’s population continues to expand and the current total of around 24 million is likely to double in the present century. Growth is concentrated in the larger capital cities with some recurring trends and challenges including the decline of suburban manufacturing employment and growth of new ‘knowledge economy’ jobs mainly in the inner cities; housing unaffordability, especially in the two largest cities of Sydney and Melbourne; the continued shift to higher density and high rise urban forms through urban renewal; growing infrastructure deficits, particularly in public transport; a growing gulf in access to services and quality of life; and dysfunctionalities in metropolitan governance. 
  Against this background, the paper overviews the planning strategies prepared for the five mainland state capitals of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth over the period 2000-2015. Drawing on a survey of primary documents and a growing body of research, the treatment highlights major planning trends, similarities and differences between the major cities. Major themes have included further promotion of anti-sprawl policies of infill and redevelopment; transit-oriented development; privatisation of public infrastructure such as motorways and airports; dealing with the spatial mismatch between homes and jobs; a resurgence of urban design; and growing administrative fragmentation. State governments have deployed their executive power to drive through major redevelopment projects, with a corresponding reduction in public participation, and they are under continuing pressure to reform planning systems in order to facilitate economic growth with mixed success. The national government has latterly become re-engaged in urban development primarily as the crucial links between urban investment, infrastructure, GDP and planning systems become more evident. 
  
  The paper ends by reflecting on an evolving style of Australian metropolitan planning in the early twenty first century in pursuit of an increasingly complex and often competing set of aspirations for productive, sustainable, liveable and well-governed cities.

  In 2000 the authors published The Australian Metropolis: A Planning History, an account of the evolution of Australian metropolitan planning from the early years of colonial settlement to the end of the twentieth century. Most state governments were by then pursuing strategies to make their capital city-regions more compact and were encouraging reduction in car dependency. The final chapter identified a growing tension between ‘sustainable’ and ‘productive’ aspirations. On the one hand, environmental concerns were seen as underpinning renewed popular and political support for public planning. On the other was the rise of what we called ‘market triumphalism’, acknowledging the turn to neo-liberal policies preoccupied with global competitiveness alongside evidence of growing inequality, social diversity and ‘short-termism’ of political priorities.
  This paper looks at what has happened to Australian metropolitan planning in the decade and a half...

  In 2000 the authors published The Australian Metropolis: A Planning History, an account of the evolution of Australian metropolitan planning from the early years of colonial settlement to the end of the twentieth century. Most state governments were by then pursuing strategies to make their...

  Stephen Hamnett, Robert Freestone

  83-92

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• The Life and Works of Professor Yorifusa Ishida (1932-2015): A Pioneer of Planning History in Japan

  Professor Yorifusa Ishida (1932-2015), who was an IPHS council member, was one of the leading scholars in the research field of city planning in the post-war Japan. His research interest expands so widely to include planning system, planning history, land readjustment, building line, land use controls and planning, development profit, rural planning and citizen participation. He has publicized his research findings, practical proposals, and academic and political views in many books, articles and academic papers. It is rather unfortunate, however, that most of them are published in Japanese and so his attainments are not well known by scholars outside Japan with few exceptions.
  In this paper, we first trace his life as researcher and professor mainly at Tokyo Metropolitan University. Then we try to review as many academic writings of his as possible in a systematic way in order to analyze the development of his research interests and attainments in his academic carrier for over 40 years. This was made possible because we have obtained fairly detailed information of his curriculum vitae and his publications list thanks to his surviving family.
  In this analysis, we focus upon his attainments in planning history in particular. Our questions will include:
  (1) What is, in his framework and interest, the relationship between the research of planning history and that of city planning as a whole?
  (2) What are his specific and distinctive contributions in the field of planning history? 
  (3) What is his view of planning history, which we need to analyze critically and may be able to learn form?
  (4) What is the impacts of the western (German, French, British and American) planning upon his research?
  In conclusion, we try to evaluate the roll of Professor Ishida in the entire history of city planning research in Japan.

  Professor Yorifusa Ishida (1932-2015), who was an IPHS council member, was one of the leading scholars in the research field of city planning in the post-war Japan. His research interest expands so widely to include planning system, planning history, land readjustment, building line, land use controls and planning, development profit, rural planning and citizen participation. He has publicized his research findings, practical proposals, and academic and political views in many books, articles and academic papers. It is rather unfortunate, however, that most of them are published in Japanese and so his attainments are not well known by scholars outside Japan with few exceptions.
  In this paper, we first trace his life as researcher and professor mainly at Tokyo Metropolitan University. Then we try to review as many academic writings of his as possible in a systematic way in order to analyze the development of his research interests and attainments in his...

  Professor Yorifusa Ishida (1932-2015), who was an IPHS council member, was one of the leading scholars in the research field of city planning in the post-war Japan. His research interest expands so widely to include planning system, planning history, land readjustment, building line, land...

  Shun-Ichi J. Watanabe

  117-128

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• Transformation of Exposition Space at an Urban Scale

  International expositions began to gain popularity in late 19th century, particularly in Europe, and in time came to influence both architecture and urban planning, affecting their historical development. Expositions serve as a means of displaying architecture, particularly since industrialization, and have an influence that can transform their surrounding metropolitan areas in different ways. These influenced areas extend way beyond their own scales, and even if they no longer exist today, and have the potential to transform the urban space in which they are located. This study analyses the case of the Great Exhibition of 1851, in London, United Kingdom, which can be considered as the world’s first international event, and which played a significant role in the transformation of the Kensington site. Although the exhibition space itself was temporary, it transformed the Kensington site on which it was located at an urban scale. 
  
  Even though these structures are time-limited projects, they transform the urban space where they are located. Here, the relationship between the exposition and the urban is associated with the raindrop analogies. Each raindrop will create its own circle when it reaches to an accumulation of water. The nature of the circle can be changed based on the size of the raindrops and different factors; in the case of expositions, the construction of the structure starts the process as a raindrop and creates its first circle. This circular effect occurs the bigger circles and reaches further distance at an urban scale, so this analogy gives the urban form even if the exposition has gone. This analogy is also valid for the urban transformation of the Kensington Site. This part of the London has changed following the reorganization and redesign after the exhibition was over, and the exposition space has developed into an integrated part of the city by taking on a set of additional functions, with the additional influence also of such neighbouring institutions as museums and later exhibition spaces. The site of the exposition has become a symbolic landscape of London and particularly the South Kensington has served as a great model to represent how international expositions can have a great contribution to change, transform and redesign the urban with a specific meaning: Exhibition.

  International expositions began to gain popularity in late 19th century, particularly in Europe, and in time came to influence both architecture and urban planning, affecting their historical development. Expositions serve as a means of displaying architecture, particularly since industrialization, and have an influence that can transform their surrounding metropolitan areas in different ways. These influenced areas extend way beyond their own scales, and even if they no longer exist today, and have the potential to transform the urban space in which they are located. This study analyses the case of the Great Exhibition of 1851, in London, United Kingdom, which can be considered as the world’s first international event, and which played a significant role in the transformation of the Kensington site. Although the exhibition space itself was temporary, it transformed the Kensington site on which it was located at an urban scale. 
  
  Even though these...

  International expositions began to gain popularity in late 19th century, particularly in Europe, and in time came to influence both architecture and urban planning, affecting their historical development. Expositions serve as a means of displaying architecture, particularly since...

  Gonca Tuncbilek

  139-148

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• History of Aesthetic Control Management in Planning System, The Case of Turkey

  History
  Aesthetic Control
  Regulations
  Turkey
  Urban Planning
  Abstract: Abstract

  Urban aesthetics is a complex subject in which the city needs to be evaluated beyond its physical characteristics. While the urban planning and design effects on the physical health of human, the city aesthetic effects on the human’s mental health. Aesthetic in urban areas has defined as beauty and the reflections of the beauty on the emotions of human. It is therefore perhaps surprising that the word "design, aesthetic" is not to be found in the Planning Acts. Why the aesthetic control managing in urban planning is unclear?. While contemporary planning theorists largely ignore the aesthetic issues, aesthetics and urban design have recently gained a central position within the practice of urban planning in all post-industrial countries.

  Actually design controls trace back in time to early settlement zoning but legalization of aesthetic control and its codifying attempts is not too old. The reason of this delay was skepticism approach of the courts to this issue. Because of individual property aspect of aesthetic control, many courts believed that nobody must deprive using of its own property. Aesthetic was considered as a luxury not necessity (Garvin & Leroy, 2003). As well as, too subjective issue of aesthetic didn’t need to be the basis of valid regulation in urban planning until 1930. By the time the law began to change and a few jurisdictions moved to accept aesthetic regulations for the reasons of public health, protection of property values, promotion of tourism and traffic. At the middle of 20 century, aesthetic regulations got place in the scope of general welfare and over time a majority of states allow design review based solely on aesthetic considerations. Zoning solely for aesthetic purposes is an idea, which its time has come and it is not outside the scope of the police power.

  As the construction market plays a substantial role in Turkey, and the country deserves to be an international logistics base with its location right between Europe, Middle East, Asia and Africa new attempts have done in order to deserve its location by enacting laws based on aesthetic issues. Turkey’s planning system has changed under the influential of European countries during the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century until the influences of American by Marshall Aid at 1950-1980 (Ayataç, 2007). Aesthetic has had an important position in all these planning systems and regulations directly or indirectly.
  In this article aesthetic programming according to Turkish urban planning system will be researched and regulations in connection with aesthetic issues will be evaluated.

  References:

  Garvin, E., A., Leroy, G., S., ‘Design Guidelines: The Law of Aesthetic Controls’, Land Use Law and Zoning Digest, April 2003, PP: 3-12
  Ayataç, H.,‘The International Diffusion of Planning Ideas: The Case of Istanbul, Turkey’, JOURNAL OF PLANNING HISTORY / 2007, PP: 1-24

  History
  Aesthetic Control
  Regulations
  Turkey
  Urban Planning
  Abstract: Abstract

  Urban aesthetics is a complex subject in which the city needs to be evaluated beyond its physical characteristics. While the urban planning and design effects on the physical health of human, the city aesthetic effects on the human’s mental health. Aesthetic in urban areas has defined as beauty and the reflections of the beauty on the emotions of human. It is therefore perhaps surprising that the word "design, aesthetic" is not to be found in the Planning Acts. Why the aesthetic control managing in urban planning is unclear?. While contemporary planning theorists largely ignore the aesthetic issues, aesthetics and urban design have recently gained a central position within the practice of urban planning in all post-industrial countries.

  Actually design controls trace back in time to early settlement zoning but legalization of aesthetic control and its codifying...

  History
  Aesthetic Control
  Regulations
  Turkey
  Urban Planning
  Abstract: Abstract

  Urban aesthetics is a complex subject in which the city needs to be evaluated beyond its physical characteristics. While the urban planning and design effects on the physical health of...

  Azadeh Rezafar, Sevkiye Sence Turk

  165-175

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• Planning and postponing the urban reform of Coimbra’s downtown

  In this communication I intend to analyse the process of transformation and modernization of Coimbra’s downtown neighbourhood, firstly carried out to face the recurrent flooding of the Mondego’s river but moreover as a beautification plan within the European models. After several attends to minimize recurrent floods, only the development of science and technology during the nineteen century made possible the construction of a new river bank and consequently a set of reform projects planning a new regular and wealthy neighbourhood.
  Coimbra was a middle size city nevertheless, until the beginning of the twenty century, it was the settlement of the only Portuguese University, fact that gave the city a huge importance not only within the country but also in the empire. However like all Portuguese cities in this period, Coimbra faced several sanitary problems due to the absence of a water and sewer network, lighting infrastructures or public transports, in addition in Coimbra these problems were enlarged by the recurrent floods.
  The solution was the construction of a new bank planned and executed by the state engineers but partial paid by the municipality. The construction of the new river front endorsed the reform of the main city entrance, the construction of a new bridge and a square, the enlargement of the Main Street and the construction of a boulevard by the river. Moreover this plan required the skills of a new technician, the first municipal engineer. 
  Few years after, the riverfront and the image of Coimbra were once more reconfigured to implant the new train station and a new train line to the interior of Portugal, increasing the embankment 38 meters into the river. With this project began a new phase of planning that spans until nowadays. It started with the opening of a boulevard connecting the station and the town hall then in the begging of the twenty century, within the principles in vogue in Europe, the plan was extended proposing a set of wide avenues to sanitize the old unhealthy neighbourhood, emulating Haussmann’s model to Paris. However financial difficulties and lack of government support postponed this ambitious plan nevertheless it was not overlooked, being followed by a succession of plans and becoming a part of the collective imagination. 
  This paper analyses this set of plans, its motivations and its relation with the international models. Nevertheless it also explores its process, emphasizing the role of the population yearning for the reform of the old core and the municipal council’s efforts to execute these plans. Furthermore stress the consequences of these unrealized plans for the transformation and grow of the rest of the city.

  In this communication I intend to analyse the process of transformation and modernization of Coimbra’s downtown neighbourhood, firstly carried out to face the recurrent flooding of the Mondego’s river but moreover as a beautification plan within the European models. After several attends to minimize recurrent floods, only the development of science and technology during the nineteen century made possible the construction of a new river bank and consequently a set of reform projects planning a new regular and wealthy neighbourhood.
  Coimbra was a middle size city nevertheless, until the beginning of the twenty century, it was the settlement of the only Portuguese University, fact that gave the city a huge importance not only within the country but also in the empire. However like all Portuguese cities in this period, Coimbra faced several sanitary problems due to the absence of a water and sewer network, lighting infrastructures or public transports, in...

  In this communication I intend to analyse the process of transformation and modernization of Coimbra’s downtown neighbourhood, firstly carried out to face the recurrent flooding of the Mondego’s river but moreover as a beautification plan within the European models. After several...

  Margarida Calmeiro

  179-190

  • PDF
• Better (urban) policies for better lifes. The role of OECD in transnational exchanges of planning ideas in the 1970

  Transnational History in the field of urban planning largely focused on the first half of the twentieth century (Saunier, Ewen, 2009), although recent works deal with post-war period or after (Planning Perspective, vol. 29, n°2, 2014). The growing role of centralised policies after 1945 explains this, particularly in the case of France or United Kingdom. Nevertheless, it would be abusive to consider that everything came from State administrations. Created in order to advise States, some international organisations reveal, through their works, an another history of transnational exchanges of planning ideas.
  We offer here to hightlight the work and influence of the OECD on urban planning matters during the 1970s, using the archives of the organisation, located in its headquarter in Paris. At first glance, the institution has nothing to do with planning. In fact, when it was created in 1961, the OECD had no interest on this regard. But in 1969, driven by its new General Secretay, Emile van Lennep, the organisation launched a fundemental environmental turn. Within a new Directorate, a 'Sector Group on the Urban Environment' was created in 1971 whose purpose was to exchange national experiences that could help to improve life in urban areas. Its first assessment was provocatively entitled « exclusion of automobile trafic in downtown areas ».
  Active throughout the 1970s, the Group worked on many subjects, always using the same method. First, experts had to identify the best local experiences (local level) in order to combine results (transnational level) and finaly make recommandations to States administrations (national level). This way to articulate scales is uncommon for history of exchanges of planning ideas, showing the facilitating role of an international organisation on this regard.
  This presentation will first contextualise the environmental turn of the organisation that explains its concern about the 'urban environment' and give an overview of the activity of the Sector Group. Then, through the exemple of its first assessment (traffic free areas), it will show the working methods of the group, its contacts at local, national and international levels and the way the organisation dissiminate its conclusions and recommendations. Finally, the presentation will show that, even in such a centralised country as France, the State administration borrowed ideas from OECD's works as a basis for offical acts, suggesting that urban matters had no borders.

  Transnational History in the field of urban planning largely focused on the first half of the twentieth century (Saunier, Ewen, 2009), although recent works deal with post-war period or after (Planning Perspective, vol. 29, n°2, 2014). The growing role of centralised policies after 1945 explains this, particularly in the case of France or United Kingdom. Nevertheless, it would be abusive to consider that everything came from State administrations. Created in order to advise States, some international organisations reveal, through their works, an another history of transnational exchanges of planning ideas.
  We offer here to hightlight the work and influence of the OECD on urban planning matters during the 1970s, using the archives of the organisation, located in its headquarter in Paris. At first glance, the institution has nothing to do with planning. In fact, when it was created in 1961, the OECD had no interest on this regard. But in 1969, driven by its...

  Transnational History in the field of urban planning largely focused on the first half of the twentieth century (Saunier, Ewen, 2009), although recent works deal with post-war period or after (Planning Perspective, vol. 29, n°2, 2014). The growing role of centralised policies after 1945...

  Cedric Feriel

  195-204

  • PDF
• Mediation for the solution of urban problems: The search for environmental quality for present and future generations by applying governance processes.

  This paper aims to demonstrate the importance of Law 13.140/2015, which provides mediation as a mean of settling disputes within public administration for the materialization and execution of intergenerational solidarity. In this sense, this paper is not just a study of a specific case, but it has the intention to highlight the importance of this regulation for the solution of urban conflicts.
  This law solidifies a Brazilian public policy of consensual methods for conflict resolution, which began with the Constitutional amendment nº. 45/2004, considered the framework for judicial reform in pursuit of efficiency. After, the National Judicial Council issued the Resolution nº.125/2010, establishing mediation as an appropriate tool for conflict resolution. The historical course for consolidation of this trend was the enactment of Law 13.140/2015, with importance closely related of management, prevention and resolution of urban environmental conflicts.
  These conflicts have materialized around the use and occupation of urban land, as in most large Brazilian centers, according Pioli and Rossin (2006), accelerated urbanization, coupled with the imbalance of income distribution, generated towns with peripheral human settlements, that reflect and perpetuate inequalities, promote social exclusion, environmental degradation and exposes the inability of State to intervention in the implementation of effective public policies for environmental protection, social inclusion and conflict resolution.
  For this reason, it is necessary to have a effective cooperation between the various State levels for convergence between social policies and conflict resolution.
  Moreover, it is timely an analysis and interpretation of Mediation Act, to determine whether it may contribute to resilience of urban system, in the sense that the resilient societies are also those that have the capacity to mediate the differences with cordiality and tolerance.
  Because, sustainable development based on resilience requires governance in the pursuit of social peace. Hence, the need for participatory actions of those involved in the conflict, which can be achieved through governance by public-private cooperation in solving social problems and new forms of multilevel policy.
  Following this dynamic, the implementation of mediation can be seen as an important tool for urban environmental governance arrangements, which will manage, prevent and resolve conflicts around the urban areas in search of intergenerational solidarity, because this new form of conflict resolution is an undeniable part of the mechanisms for the implementation of a effective governance, as it allows the participation and dialogue between different actors, seeking a beneficial solution and adopting a peaceful model based on cooperation.
  In this line of reasoning, this paper discusses, at first, the governance, evaluating its concept and importance. Then, it analyzes the role of new forms of conflict resolution, focusing on mediation for solving urban problems, indicating the historical development of mediation in the Brazilian legislation.
  Finally, it discusses the possibility of using this mechanism for the defense and protection of urban environment, aiming the maintenance of environmental quality for present and future generations, in respect to the principle of intergenerational solidarity, adopted by the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988.

  This paper aims to demonstrate the importance of Law 13.140/2015, which provides mediation as a mean of settling disputes within public administration for the materialization and execution of intergenerational solidarity. In this sense, this paper is not just a study of a specific case, but it has the intention to highlight the importance of this regulation for the solution of urban conflicts.
  This law solidifies a Brazilian public policy of consensual methods for conflict resolution, which began with the Constitutional amendment nº. 45/2004, considered the framework for judicial reform in pursuit of efficiency. After, the National Judicial Council issued the Resolution nº.125/2010, establishing mediation as an appropriate tool for conflict resolution. The historical course for consolidation of this trend was the enactment of Law 13.140/2015, with importance closely related of management, prevention and resolution of urban environmental conflicts.

  This paper aims to demonstrate the importance of Law 13.140/2015, which provides mediation as a mean of settling disputes within public administration for the materialization and execution of intergenerational solidarity. In this sense, this paper is not just a study of a specific case, but...

  Gabriela Garcez, Simone Cardoso

  205-212

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• Urban planning in Guanabara State, Brazil: Doxiadis, from Ekistics to the Delos Meetings

  The work carried out by researchers in the urbanismo.br research network encompasses objects and the creation of frameworks, hypotheses and documents and is based on three premises: urbanization and development, urbanization and planning, and institutions. The theme related to planning (this panel) has been conducted by three researchers : Maria Cristina da Silva Leme , Fabio José Martins de Lima and Vera F. Rezende. The use of nucleation as a resource does not mean entirely discrete approaches, but rather a strategy to improve our understanding of changes in the field of urbanism and urban planning during a period of profound political transformation. The period chosen for the research is the 1960s, and we have taken into consideration the period’s setbacks and advances in accordance with the object of each piece of research. We have identified inflections, continuity and ruptures in the concepts and tendencies of the urbanism adopted in plans for different government spheres and different territorial scales and which guided the teams involved. There was increased and more complex team building, both in public bodies and in the local and foreign consultancies hired for such purposes. The conception of urban planning as a response to the unequal conditions of development that surfaced in the immediate post-war period was adapted to the policies of the new authoritarian era. We have also identified changes to the urban structuring process during the periphery expansion of Brazilian cities in the 1940s and 1950s. These changes were prompted by housing policies and investment in large infrastructure projects that redefined growth pivots and reaffirmed the new metropolitan regional character. This panel will debate the urban policies adopted by cities/thermal spas in Minas Gerais state amid the modernization of these cities before and after the 1964 military coup. We will also discuss the creation and modus operandi of the urban and regional planning offices and teams in the 1960s, especially in São Paulo. This analysis also looks into how the professional and political trajectories of the technicians that comprised the teams in these offices reveal the different concepts and trends in urbanism adopted in the various Plans drawn up for different government spheres. We also analyze how the Ekistics Theory (which was formulated by Constantinos A. Doxiadis) was applied to the Plan for Guanabara State, which was concluded in 1965. Following the Delos Meetings, this theory subsequently evolved into the concept of Network, which was based on the idea of complex relations in human activity networks and how they apply to different fields of knowledge, especially architecture and urbanism. In this research, we analyze the association between planning and authoritarian and repressive practices and the complexity behind these relations. We will observe tensions, ruptures and continuity in particular.

  The work carried out by researchers in the urbanismo.br research network encompasses objects and the creation of frameworks, hypotheses and documents and is based on three premises: urbanization and development, urbanization and planning, and institutions. The theme related to planning (this panel) has been conducted by three researchers : Maria Cristina da Silva Leme , Fabio José Martins de Lima and Vera F. Rezende. The use of nucleation as a resource does not mean entirely discrete approaches, but rather a strategy to improve our understanding of changes in the field of urbanism and urban planning during a period of profound political transformation. The period chosen for the research is the 1960s, and we have taken into consideration the period’s setbacks and advances in accordance with the object of each piece of research. We have identified inflections, continuity and ruptures in the concepts and tendencies of the urbanism adopted in plans for different government...

  The work carried out by researchers in the urbanismo.br research network encompasses objects and the creation of frameworks, hypotheses and documents and is based on three premises: urbanization and development, urbanization and planning, and institutions. The theme related to planning...

  Vera F. Rezende

  251-263

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• Urban and Regional Planning in São Paulo, Brazil in the 60"s.

  In the 1960s, a combination of new political, social and economic processes led to a change in urban and regional planning in Brazil. On the one hand, the economic planning that had been introduced in an incipient manner into the federal government’s agenda since the end of the Vargas Era acquired greater importance and played a growing role both in sectorial and public spheres. On the other hand, increased and more complex team building both in public bodies and in private engineering and architecture offices was a response both to a new territoriality in the urbanization process and to an increase in demands created by this new government agenda. In the 1950s, offices such as Hidroservice (founded in 1958) and Hidrobrasileira (founded in 1954) developed projects for water supply works, hydroelectric power plants and the opening of highways. Although these offices initially focused on engineering works, throughout the 1960s they formed increasingly complex teams that included professionals specialized in economic planning and urban and regional planning. Sociedade para Análise Gráfica e Mecanográfica de Complexos Sociais (SAGMACS) which was created at the end of the 1940s by professionals, politicians and intellectuals linked to French priest Louis Joseph Lebret, conducted research in São Paulo and in other Brazilian states. Some of the professionals that comprised SAGMACS’ research teams were called to work for the Plano de Ação do Governo do Estado (PAGE) de São Paulo (the São Paulo State action plan).After the end of Plano de Ação, some of the technicians who had worked for it returned to SAGMACS, while others founded ASPLAN and Planasa, a consultancy on public administration affairs. ASPLAN, an office created at the beginning of 1963, developed several studies and plans for cities in the interior of São Paulo State and for the capital’s metropolitan region, as well as for other Brazilian states. The present study analyzes the formation and the modus operandi of the urban and regional planning offices and teams in the 1960s, especially in São Paulo. The professional and political trajectories of the technicians who comprised the teams in these offices reveals the different concepts and trends in urbanism adopted in the various Plans drawn up for different government spheres. We have based our analysis on the hypothesis that the two processes complement each other and also explain a planning crisis in the period and the signs of subsequent transformation. The military coup of 1964 had a big impact on political, academic and intellectual structures, as it interrupted processes and dismantled institutions. At the same time, this period saw a rupture in political structures, the exclusion of certain groups and the expulsion of technicians and intellectuals, who were subsequently forbidden from working and remaining in the country. This process also saw the maintenance of existing political and technical actions and the emergence of resistance actions, which would subsequently cause tension in the system. In this research, we analyze the complexity of these relations through their tensions, ruptures and continuity.

  In the 1960s, a combination of new political, social and economic processes led to a change in urban and regional planning in Brazil. On the one hand, the economic planning that had been introduced in an incipient manner into the federal government’s agenda since the end of the Vargas Era acquired greater importance and played a growing role both in sectorial and public spheres. On the other hand, increased and more complex team building both in public bodies and in private engineering and architecture offices was a response both to a new territoriality in the urbanization process and to an increase in demands created by this new government agenda. In the 1950s, offices such as Hidroservice (founded in 1958) and Hidrobrasileira (founded in 1954) developed projects for water supply works, hydroelectric power plants and the opening of highways. Although these offices initially focused on engineering works, throughout the 1960s they formed increasingly complex teams that...

  In the 1960s, a combination of new political, social and economic processes led to a change in urban and regional planning in Brazil. On the one hand, the economic planning that had been introduced in an incipient manner into the federal government’s agenda since the end of the Vargas Era...

  Maria Cristina Silva Leme

  265-273

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• The housing issue and Planning in the city of Niterói – RJ (Brazil) in the early 1970s: contradictory aspects of a Master Plan

  This paper is part of a more comprehensive research developed by the authors at Universidade Federal Fluminense and entitled “Housing, plan, city: the housing issue in the city of Niterói and the process for the master plan (1960 – 1975)”. The above research aims to analyse the origin and development of the favelas of Niterói-RJ (Brazil) in several dimensions, including how the housing situation occurs in the city planning process. In the case of this paper, it was considered the Master Plan elaborated by Wit-Olaf Prochnik’s office (1975-1977) that was preceded by large data collection and prospections that were base for an extensive list of proposals and projects.
  The purpose of this paper was to discuss two issues that represented, somehow, contradictory aspects related to the plan structured by the planning office. The first issue comes from the fact that it occurred an intensification of favela growth in the city of Niterói, especially in the 1960s and the 1970s, along with the forced removal of more than one thousand families mainly to other municipalities, due to the construction of the Rio- Niterói Bridge. 
  At the end of the 1960s, it was observed a growth of the favelas whose residents came to represent about 7% of the total of the city population; the settlements were spread over hills and government’s lands. At the same time the real estate market that had already been developing in the previous decade grew in dimension and aggressiveness. In this same period, it was implemented a national housing policy by the Banco Nacional de Habitação (BNH) and was created the Companhia de Habitação do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (COHAB-RJ), highlighting the housing issue. It’s important to consider that the national and local policy included the building of social housing with the removal of favelas. In spite of the dramatic situation, the reference of social housing in the master plan then elaborated is small, mainly pointing to general guidelines.
  On the other hand, the plan itself presented aspects both “traditional” and “innovative”: in its methodology and broader proposals, it follows the planning guidelines of the authoritarian military regime, based on the Serviço Federal de Habitação e Urbanismo (SERFHAU). However, it “rehearses” other methods, seeking a type of participation of the local agents, with seminars open to the population in the phase of elaboration and discussion of the plan, aiming different alternatives of urban development.
  Thus, the hypothesis developed was that the Wit-Olaf Prochnik’s Master Plan presented evidences of a possible but still “shy” transition in the planning process, apparently taking into account the particularities of the city of Niterói.
  Besides the existing bibliography, the methodology included primary sources, particularly documents of the municipality, the press (newspapers published between 1960 and 1975), and interviews with experts and technicians that worked in the Plan or were somehow related to the municipality of Niterói.

  This paper is part of a more comprehensive research developed by the authors at Universidade Federal Fluminense and entitled “Housing, plan, city: the housing issue in the city of Niterói and the process for the master plan (1960 – 1975)”. The above research aims to analyse the origin and development of the favelas of Niterói-RJ (Brazil) in several dimensions, including how the housing situation occurs in the city planning process. In the case of this paper, it was considered the Master Plan elaborated by Wit-Olaf Prochnik’s office (1975-1977) that was preceded by large data collection and prospections that were base for an extensive list of proposals and projects.
  The purpose of this paper was to discuss two issues that represented, somehow, contradictory aspects related to the plan structured by the planning office. The first issue comes from the fact that it occurred an intensification of favela growth in the city of Niterói, especially in the...

  This paper is part of a more comprehensive research developed by the authors at Universidade Federal Fluminense and entitled “Housing, plan, city: the housing issue in the city of Niterói and the process for the master plan (1960 – 1975)”. The above research aims to analyse the...

  Maria Lais Silva, Mariana Corrêa, Bruna Santos

  275-283

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