Vol 2 No 4 (2002)
Vol 2 No 4 (2002)
Articles
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Environmental and social impact assessment are default elements of transport policy
preparation and transport project appraisal in many OECD countries. In the recent past
however, it has been realised that such an approach does not suffice. Instead of representing
possible limiting factors, the aims and principles of sustainable development are to be
regarded as the very point of departure for formulating transport policies, as is for example
formulated in the European Commission White Paper on Transport (COM, 2001). This has
consequences not only for policy formulation, but also for theresearch that is used to build
the evidence about the actual and potential impacts of transport systems.Environmental and social impact assessment are default elements of transport policy
preparation and transport project appraisal in many OECD countries. In the recent past
however, it has been realised that such an approach does not suffice. Instead of representing
possible limiting factors, the aims and principles of sustainable development are to be
regarded as the very point of departure for formulating transport policies, as is for example
formulated in the European Commission White Paper on Transport (COM, 2001). This has
consequences not only for policy formulation, but also for theresearch that is used to build
the evidence about the actual and potential impacts of transport systems.Environmental and social impact assessment are default elements of transport policy
preparation and transport project appraisal in many OECD countries. In the recent past
however, it has been realised that such an approach does not suffice. Instead of representing
possible limiting...Adriaan Perrels, Veli Himanen, Martin Lee-Gosselin -
In this paper, transport intensity concerns the economic or energy efficiency of transport.
The focus of the paper is the measurement and use of indicators of transport intensity. Most
research has concentrated on the volume and distance measures, which show continuous
increases over time, normally at a rate that is higher than the growth in Gross Domestic
Product (GDP). It is argued that an additional element needs to be included, namely
transport efficiency, which relates to modes, technologies, organisational structures, the use
of resources and prices. The measurement of GDP also needs to be extended. Measures of
economic and transport energy efficiency are applied to EU countries and contrasted with
similar measures for the USA and Canada. The empirical evidence is then placed in the
wider context of globalisation and economic change, and the case for real decoupling is
made for both the freight and passenger sectors.In this paper, transport intensity concerns the economic or energy efficiency of transport.
The focus of the paper is the measurement and use of indicators of transport intensity. Most
research has concentrated on the volume and distance measures, which show continuous
increases over time, normally at a rate that is higher than the growth in Gross Domestic
Product (GDP). It is argued that an additional element needs to be included, namely
transport efficiency, which relates to modes, technologies, organisational structures, the use
of resources and prices. The measurement of GDP also needs to be extended. Measures of
economic and transport energy efficiency are applied to EU countries and contrasted with
similar measures for the USA and Canada. The empirical evidence is then placed in the
wider context of globalisation and economic change, and the case for real decoupling is
made for both the freight and passenger sectors.In this paper, transport intensity concerns the economic or energy efficiency of transport.
The focus of the paper is the measurement and use of indicators of transport intensity. Most
research has concentrated on the volume and distance measures, which show continuous
increases over...David Banister, Dominic Stead -
Any index that seeks to assess transport sustainability for areas will soon confront the problem that these areas must also have some reasonable level of mobility. Implicitly the impacts on sustainability are the least where the economy has not yet developed. As a result there is a need to explicitly consider the level of potential mobility that the economy is capable of supporting. An index is proposed here that is based on the difference between the level of sustainability and the level of potential mobility, standardized for population size and units of measurement. The index is illustrated for a number of different policy and regulatory situations. More important than the index developed are the limitations of this or other measurement systems in this area. These range from how one can allocate aviation fuels to specific countries to how one can translate current environmental targets into index values. There will have to be considered in the development of any future indices in this area.
Any index that seeks to assess transport sustainability for areas will soon confront the problem that these areas must also have some reasonable level of mobility. Implicitly the impacts on sustainability are the least where the economy has not yet developed. As a result there is a need to explicitly consider the level of potential mobility that the economy is capable of supporting. An index is proposed here that is based on the difference between the level of sustainability and the level of potential mobility, standardized for population size and units of measurement. The index is illustrated for a number of different policy and regulatory situations. More important than the index developed are the limitations of this or other measurement systems in this area. These range from how one can allocate aviation fuels to specific countries to how one can translate current environmental targets into index values. There will have to be considered in the development of any future indices...
Any index that seeks to assess transport sustainability for areas will soon confront the problem that these areas must also have some reasonable level of mobility. Implicitly the impacts on sustainability are the least where the economy has not yet developed. As a result there is a need to...
William R. Black -
The paper describes the aging of the population in developed countries on several continents,
the growing automobility of the elderly, the significant environmental, safety, mobility, and
community design and land use implications of that automobility, and the implications for
research and policy analyses.The paper describes the aging of the population in developed countries on several continents,
the growing automobility of the elderly, the significant environmental, safety, mobility, and
community design and land use implications of that automobility, and the implications for
research and policy analyses.The paper describes the aging of the population in developed countries on several continents,
the growing automobility of the elderly, the significant environmental, safety, mobility, and
community design and land use implications of that automobility, and the implications...Sandra Rosenbloom, Agneta Ståh -
Various recent policy documents stress the need for the integration of sector policies.
Several studies have recently been carried out looking at various aspects of policy
integration, especially with respect to the integration of transport, land use planning and
environment policy. Although literature in this area of research is growing, it is still
however quite limited and rather sectoral. Most of the research is mainly technical and
mainly focuses on policy options, instruments or assessment methods, rather than on
decision-making processes and/or implementation issues. Little attention has been given to
organisational and/or institutional aspects of policy integration and how this relates to
theories from organisational, policy or political sciences. This paper provides an overview
of theoretical frameworks for analysing policy integration and reviews policy documents
and recent major research projects with links to policy integration (particularly within
Europe). The paper aims to give a historical perspective on policy integration, summarise
recent research, identify key ressearch gaps, consider the transferability of research
results and identify promising new areas for future research. The paper is divided into four
sections. The first section provides a historical overview of changes and trends in policy
perspectives, focusing on the European level. The second section contains a review of
literature (from both policy documents and theoretical literature) concerning policy
integration. The third section summarises recent research projects (mainly funded by the
European Commission) relevant to the integration of transport, land use planning and
environment policy. This section also considers the issue of policy transfer. The final
section contains conclusions and a number of recommendations for future research in this
area.Various recent policy documents stress the need for the integration of sector policies.
Several studies have recently been carried out looking at various aspects of policy
integration, especially with respect to the integration of transport, land use planning and
environment policy. Although literature in this area of research is growing, it is still
however quite limited and rather sectoral. Most of the research is mainly technical and
mainly focuses on policy options, instruments or assessment methods, rather than on
decision-making processes and/or implementation issues. Little attention has been given to
organisational and/or institutional aspects of policy integration and how this relates to
theories from organisational, policy or political sciences. This paper provides an overview
of theoretical frameworks for analysing policy integration and reviews policy documents
and recent major research projects with links to policy integration...Various recent policy documents stress the need for the integration of sector policies.
Several studies have recently been carried out looking at various aspects of policy
integration, especially with respect to the integration of transport, land use planning and
environment policy....Harry Geerlings, Dominic Stead -
A large co-ordinated program of work is underway exploring techniques for integrated land
use transport modelling, including elements of agent-based micro-simulation. The intention
is to demonstrate the practical viability of these techniques and help provide guidance in
their further development and use in policy analysis considering transport policy and the
impacts of transport on society. This has given rise to a number of questions about the nature
of the behaviour of the agents being considered (including people, households, business
establishments and developers) and about potential methods for implementing practical
representations of this behaviour. This paper describes the modelling system and techniques
being considered, and sets out some of the questions about behaviour and its representation
that have arisen together with some of the more promising ideas and approaches being
considered for addressing these questions.A large co-ordinated program of work is underway exploring techniques for integrated land
use transport modelling, including elements of agent-based micro-simulation. The intention
is to demonstrate the practical viability of these techniques and help provide guidance in
their further development and use in policy analysis considering transport policy and the
impacts of transport on society. This has given rise to a number of questions about the nature
of the behaviour of the agents being considered (including people, households, business
establishments and developers) and about potential methods for implementing practical
representations of this behaviour. This paper describes the modelling system and techniques
being considered, and sets out some of the questions about behaviour and its representation
that have arisen together with some of the more promising ideas and approaches being
considered for addressing these questions.A large co-ordinated program of work is underway exploring techniques for integrated land
use transport modelling, including elements of agent-based micro-simulation. The intention
is to demonstrate the practical viability of these techniques and help provide guidance in
their further...J.D. Hunt -
This paper presents a framework for an ex ante appraisal of urban land use and transport
strategies. At the core of this framework is a dynamic land use and transport interaction
model. Objective functions and an optimisation routine are used to assess the effects of
complex strategies formed by policy instrument combinations with different policy levels
possible. The main objective of the underlying study is to promote sustainable policies.
Therefore the proposed framework considers either explicitly or implicitly all five domains of
the STELLA focus group 4 (environment, safety, health, land use and congestion).This paper presents a framework for an ex ante appraisal of urban land use and transport
strategies. At the core of this framework is a dynamic land use and transport interaction
model. Objective functions and an optimisation routine are used to assess the effects of
complex strategies formed by policy instrument combinations with different policy levels
possible. The main objective of the underlying study is to promote sustainable policies.
Therefore the proposed framework considers either explicitly or implicitly all five domains of
the STELLA focus group 4 (environment, safety, health, land use and congestion).This paper presents a framework for an ex ante appraisal of urban land use and transport
strategies. At the core of this framework is a dynamic land use and transport interaction
model. Objective functions and an optimisation routine are used to assess the effects of
complex...P. C. Pfaffenbichler, S.P. Shepherd -
The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the variety of issues and methods used to treat
different types of externalities in transportation projects and to ask how these different
approaches and values can affect project evaluation and ranking. Of special interest is the
question whether the elimination of externalities and different procedures favor one type of
transportation investment over the other, and specifically rail projects versus highway
projects. To this point the paper mostly poses the questions with a focus on issues where bias
can result.The paper is based on a study conducted for the Ministry of National Infrastructure in Israel
to improve the evaluation procedure of transportation projects in order to better account for
externalities. This paper focuses on two main issues. First, we recommend approaches and
methods of evaluation for different transport externalities, including the value of time
savings. These evaluations are based on the international literature on these topics. Second,
we suggest a methodology to better include externalities in the evaluation of transport projects, including a quantitative and qualitative multicriteria analysis (MCA). The paper
also discusses the implications of different methods and values for project evaluation.The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the variety of issues and methods used to treat
different types of externalities in transportation projects and to ask how these different
approaches and values can affect project evaluation and ranking. Of special interest is the
question whether the elimination of externalities and different procedures favor one type of
transportation investment over the other, and specifically rail projects versus highway
projects. To this point the paper mostly poses the questions with a focus on issues where bias
can result.The paper is based on a study conducted for the Ministry of National Infrastructure in Israel
to improve the evaluation procedure of transportation projects in order to better account for
externalities. This paper focuses on two main issues. First, we recommend approaches and
methods of evaluation for different transport externalities, including the value of time
savings. These evaluations...The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the variety of issues and methods used to treat
different types of externalities in transportation projects and to ask how these different
approaches and values can affect project evaluation and ranking. Of special interest is the
question...Yoram Shiftan, Moshe Ben-Akiva, Gerard de Jong, Shalom Hakkert, David Simmonds -
Nowadays almost all researchers focusing on the impact of land use on travel behaviour examine personal and household variables such as income, age and household type. Still, within ‘homogeneous’ groups there may be preferences for travel modes (especially car or public transport), and these may have an impact on the influence of land use on travel behaviour − a subject for which available literature is scarce. This paper represents then an endeavour to relay results of empirical research on this matter and also attempts to answer the following questions:
1. Are there preferences for modes?
2. Is there a relationship between preferences and neighbourhood characteristics?
3. Have preferences for modes played a role in residential choices of households?
4. Do preferences for modes add explanatory power to models for travel behaviour that include personal and household characteristics, and land-use variables?
Results obtained reveal positive answers to all four questions; but this then confronts us with the following question: Do land-use policies then make no sense? Yes, in our opinion, these policies certainly do make sense, in the least because they allow people who prefer certain modes to live in an area that meets their preferences. However, this does not mean that land-use alternatives leading to the lowest car use levels should always be recommended. Rather, what is needed is a broad evaluation of all the pros and cons of these alternatives.
Nowadays almost all researchers focusing on the impact of land use on travel behaviour examine personal and household variables such as income, age and household type. Still, within ‘homogeneous’ groups there may be preferences for travel modes (especially car or public transport), and these may have an impact on the influence of land use on travel behaviour − a subject for which available literature is scarce. This paper represents then an endeavour to relay results of empirical research on this matter and also attempts to answer the following questions:
1. Are there preferences for modes?
2. Is there a relationship between preferences and neighbourhood characteristics?
3. Have preferences for modes played a role in residential choices of households?
4. Do preferences for modes add explanatory power to models for travel behaviour that include personal and household characteristics, and land-use variables?
Results obtained reveal...
Nowadays almost all researchers focusing on the impact of land use on travel behaviour examine personal and household variables such as income, age and household type. Still, within ‘homogeneous’ groups there may be preferences for travel modes (especially car or public transport), and...
Bert van Wee, Hans Holwerda, Rick van Baren -
This paper addresses the issue of why measures designed to ease traffic congestion have met with limited success in North American cities. To this end, specific types of supply and demand strategies (i.e., roadway construction, jobs-housing balance and the compressed workweek) are discussed emphasizing behavioral responses to them. With respect to roadway construction, evidence of induced travel from recent studies undertaken in the United States is presented. With respect to the two remaining strategies, two studies conducted in Canada employing simulation models are described. Finally, activity-based travel demand models are discussed as a promising means for forecasting both anticipated and unanticipated behavioral responses to mitigation measures, thereby enabling policy makers to make informed decisions as to whether the measures merit implementation.
This paper addresses the issue of why measures designed to ease traffic congestion have met with limited success in North American cities. To this end, specific types of supply and demand strategies (i.e., roadway construction, jobs-housing balance and the compressed workweek) are discussed emphasizing behavioral responses to them. With respect to roadway construction, evidence of induced travel from recent studies undertaken in the United States is presented. With respect to the two remaining strategies, two studies conducted in Canada employing simulation models are described. Finally, activity-based travel demand models are discussed as a promising means for forecasting both anticipated and unanticipated behavioral responses to mitigation measures, thereby enabling policy makers to make informed decisions as to whether the measures merit implementation.
This paper addresses the issue of why measures designed to ease traffic congestion have met with limited success in North American cities. To this end, specific types of supply and demand strategies (i.e., roadway construction, jobs-housing balance and the compressed workweek) are discussed...
Darren M. Scott