Compulsive Desires

On the Entangled Realities of Lithium Extraction and the Limitless Quest for Energy

Authors

  • Marina Otero Verzier Columbia University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59490/footprint.17.2.6749

Abstract

In this essay I analyse how energy dreams and epistemologies, constructed on cravings for productivity and profit, connect the spaces that epitomise the ‘Cartesian enclosure’ with the technologies and spaces of everyday life. I examine how destructive habits of extracting, procuring and consuming energy follow predictions that assume the inevitability of growth. Estimates that, even in the face of climate catastrophe, render the need for more energy inevitable and rely on finding new fixes rather than embracing other forms of living. Focusing on the case of lithium extraction in Atacama, I address the struggles sustained by indigenous communities for their lives, sovereignty and rights. Battles that emphasise how, in what has been described as ‘green colonialism’, the development of the ‘green energy futures’ too often is to the detriment of indigenous peoples.

Author Biography

Marina Otero Verzier, Columbia University

Dr. Marina Otero Verzier is an architect and researcher. She is Dean’s Visiting Assistant Professor at Columbia University’s GSAPP in in New York. In 2022 she received the Harvard Graduate School of Design’s Wheelwright Prize for a project on the future of data storage. From 2020–23 she was the Head of the Social Design Masters at Design Academy Eindhoven, and from 2015–22, the Director of Research at Het Nieuwe Instituut, where she led initiatives focused on labour, extraction and mental health. Previously, Otero was Director of Global Network Programming at Studio-X, Columbia University. Otero was a co-curator at the Shanghai Art Biennial 2021, curator of the Dutch Pavilion at the Venice Architecture Biennale in 2018 and chief curator of the 2016 Oslo Architecture Triennale. She co-edited Automated Landscapes (2023), Lithium: States of Exhaustion (2021), More-than-Human (2020), Architecture of Appropriation (2019), Work, Body, Leisure (2018) and After Belonging (2016), among others.

References

Acosta, Alberto. “Extractivism and neoextractivism: two sides of the same curse.” Beyond Development: Alternative Visions from Latin America, edited by M. Lang and D. Mokrani, 61-786. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute and Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, 2013.

Albemarle “Lithium 101: Learn More about Lithium.” Albemarle. Accessed June 26, 2023. https://www.albemarle.com/businesses/lithium/lithium-101.

Anthias, Penelope. Rethinking territory and property in indigenous land claims. Geoforum 119 (2021): 268-278.

Azevedo, Marcelo, Baczyńska, Magdalena, Hoffman, Ken and Krauze, Aleksandra. “Lithium mining: How new production technologies could fuel the global EV revolution,” mckinsey.com, April 12, 2022. Accessed August 27, 2022: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/metals-and-mining/our-insights/lithium-mining-how-new-production-technologies-could-fuel-the-global-ev-revolution

Boddenberg, Sophia. “Chile: Explotación de litio deja sin agua a pobladores,” Deutsche Welle, DW.com, January 27, 2020. Accessed: February 2, 2022: https://p.dw.com/p/3WsYe

Burger, Armin. “Catastro Minero on Line.” Sernageomin. Accessed June 26, 2023. https://catastro.sernageomin.cl

BYD. “BYD renueva su compromiso para impulsar la electromovilidad en Chile,” bydchile.com, January 14, 2020. Accessed February 10, 2022: http://www.bydchile.com/info-noticias.php?not=63

Canguilhem, Georges. “Machine and Organism.” Trans. Mark Cohen and Randall Cherry. Incorporations, edited by Jonathan Crary and Sanford Kwinter. New York: Zone Books, 1992.

Caro, Isabel and Browne, Martín. “Rechazo arrasa en plebiscito y asesta duro golpe a gobierno de Boric,” Latercera.com, September 4, 2022: https://www.latercera.com/earlyaccess/noticia/rechazo-arrasa-en-plebiscito-y-asesta-duro-golpe-a-gobierno-de-boric/XPY6JMV5EVHPJEICZMS26PBGYA/

Carrizo, Emiliano. “Corte Suprema acoge recursos de protección de comunidades indígenas atacameñas por licitación del litio,” Latercera.com, June 2, 2022: https://www.latercera.com/pulso/noticia/gobierno-da-fin-a-la-fallida-licitacion-del-litio-impulsada-por-la-administracion-del-expresidente-pinera/N2CCOKNY45EPHE22JI6AGQ5N74/

Carrizo, Emiliano “Gobierno aclara que rol de privados en la industria del litio impulsada por el Estado será minoritaria,” Latercera.com, June 6, 2022: https://www.latercera.com/pulso/noticia/gobierno-aclara-que-el-rol-de-los-privados-en-la-industria-del-litio-impulsada-por-el-estado-sera-minoritaria/AMSJHTHUT5DFDA5PXGTFHKCIUI/

Chile Convención. Convención constitucional. Accessed June 26, 2023. https://www.chileconvencion.cl/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Texto-Definitivo-CPR-2022-Tapas.pdf

Cofré, Victor. “SQM versus Codelco: el litio “privado” pagó al fisco más que el cobre estatal en el primer semestre,” Latercera.com https://www.latercera.com/pulso-pm/noticia/sqm-versus-codelco-el-litio-privado-pago-al-fisco-mas-que-el-cobre-estatal-en-el-primer-semestre/POXGNQYLTVE4LDFZMZDBKNT55Q

Corporación Administrativa del Poder Judicial de Chile. “Corte de Apelaciones de Copiapó dicta orden de no innovar y suspende proceso de licitación del litio,” Poder Judicial de Chile, January 14, 2022. Accessed, January 28, 2022: https://www.pjud.cl/prensa-y-comunicaciones/noticias-del-poder-judicial/67845

Daggett, Cara New. The Birth of Energy: Fossil Fuels, Thermodynamics, and the Politics of Work. Durham: Duke University Press, 2019.

De la Cadena, Marisol. Earth Beings: Ecologies of Practice across Andean Worlds. Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.

Descartes, René. A Discourse on Method: Meditations and Principles. Translated by Veitch, John. London: Orion Publishing Group, [1637] 2004.

Diario Constitucional. Corte Suprema acoge recursos de protección de comunidades indígenas atacameñas por licitación del litio,” Diario Constitucional.cl, June 1, 2022: https://www.diarioconstitucional.cl/2022/06/01/corte-suprema-acoge-recursos-de-proteccion-de-comunidades-indigenas-atacamenas-por-licitacion-del-litio/

Diario Oficial de la Federación. DECRETO por el que se reforman y adicionan diversas disposiciones de la Ley Minera,” DOF: 20/04/2022, Diario Oficial de la Federación. Accessed August 25, 2022: https://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5649533&fecha=20/04/2022#gsc.tab=0

Díaz, Francisco, Anastasia Kubrak, Marina Otero Eds. Lithium: States of Exhaustion. Rotterdam / Santiago: Het Nieuwe Instituut / Ediciones ARQ, 2021.

Dube, Ryan. “The Place With the Most Lithium Is Blowing the Electric-Car Revolution,” The Wall Street Journal, August 10, 2022. Accessed August 15, 2022: https://www.wsj.com/articles/electric-cars-batteries-lithium-triangle-latin-america-11660141017

El Monstrador. “Corte Suprema falla en favor de comunidades indígenas y deja sin efecto bases de licitación del litio en Atacama,” El Monstrador, June 1, 2022: https://www.elmostrador.cl/cultura/2022/06/01/corte-suprema-falla-en-favor-de-comunidades-indigenas-y-deja-sin-efecto-bases-de-licitacion-del-litio-en-atacama/

Gobierno de Chile. Mining Ministry Notifies the Awarding of a Public Tender to Increase Lithium Production. Gob.cl. Accessed June 26, 2023. https://www.gob.cl/en/news/mining-ministry-notifies-awarding-public-tender-increase-lithium-production

Gudynas, Eduado. “Diez tesis urgentes sobre el nuevo extractivismo. Contextos y demandas bajo el progresismo sudamericano actual”. In Extractivismo, política y sociedad, 187-225. Quito: CAAP (Centro Andino de Acción Popular) y CLAES (Centro Latino Americano de Ecología Social), 2009.

Higuera, Camila. “Convencionales ante comunidades lickanantay: cómo la nueva Constitución resolverá conflictos sobre agua, minería y territorio,” Interferencia, May 20, 2022. https://interferencia.cl/articulos/convencionales-ante-comunidades-lickanantay-como-la-nueva-constitucion-resolvera

Koolhaas, Rem. Delirious New York: A retroactive manifesto for Manhattan. New York: Monacelli, 1994.

Krauss, Rosalind. “Grids.” October Vol. 9 (Summer, 1979): 50 64. https://doi.org/10.2307/778321.

Lara, Emilio. “Litio: Chile y Argentina anuncian reunión trilateral con Bolivia para avanzar en producción conjunta,” BioBioChile, June 23, 2022. Accessed August 25, 2022: https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2022/07/23/litio-chile-y-argentina-anuncian-reunion-trilateral-con-bolivia-para-avanzar-en-produccion-conjunta.shtml

Lee, Andrew. “'Naive wind industry could destroy our way of life,” Recharge news, February 20, 2019: https://www.rechargenews.com/wind/naive-wind-industry-could-destroy-our-way-of-life/2-1-547258

Marder, Michael. Energy Dreams: Of Actuality. New York, Columbia University Press, 2017.

Marder, Michael. "For the Earth That Has Never Been." Stasis Vol 9 No 1: Terra, Natura, Materia (July 2020): 60-75. https://doi.org/10.33280/2310-3817-2020-9-1-60-75

Marder, Michael. ‘What Is Plant-Thinking? Klesis, revue philosophique 25: Philosophies de la nature (2013): 136-137. https://www.revue-klesis.org/pdf/Klesis-philosophies-nature-6-Marder.pdf

Mbembe, Achille. Critique of Black Reason. Durham: Duke University Press, 2017.

Mendell, Madeleine, Hogan, Mél, Verhoeven, Deb. “Matters (and metaphors) of life and death: How DNA storage doubles back on its promise to the world,” The Canadian Geographer (IF1.5), January 11, 2022.

Ministerio de Bienes Nacionales, “Tierras Indígenas.” November 6, 2014. https://www.bienesnacionales.cl/?page_id=1621

Otero Verzier, Marina. “Cartesian Enclosures.” New Geographies 12 (April 2022): 39-57.

Otero Verzier, Marina. “Nothing Is Automatic: Producing More-Than-Human Relations in the Pearl River Delta,” AD Special Issue: Production Urbanism: The Meta‐Industrial City, Volume 91, Issue 5, September/October 2021, p. 32-39.

Sepúlveda Rivera, Isabel, Raúl Molina Otárola, María del Mar Delgado-Serrano and José Emilio Guerrero Ginel. “Aguas, Riego Y Cultivos: Cambios Y Permanencias En Los Ayllus De San Pedro De Atacama,” Estudios atacameños 51 (December 2015): 185-206. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-10432015000200012

Serrano Lara, Marcela. La Casa en el Ayllu. Levantamiento Arquitectónico De La Vivienda Vernácula En San Pedro De Atacama. Pangea Fundación, 2017. http://www.pangeafundacion.com/assets/levantamiento-arquitectónico-de-la-vivienda-vernácula-en-san-pedro-de-atacama.pdf

The Guardian. “Norway court rules two windfarms harming Sami reindeer herders,” The Guardian, October 11, 2021: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/11/norway-court-rules-two-windfarms-harming-sami-reindeer-herders-turbines-torn-down

United Nations. “Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples. “Accessed June 26, 2023. https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf

United Nations. “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.” OHCHR. Accessed June 26, 2023. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights

YLB. “Breve Reseña Histórica,” Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos – YLB. Accessed August 25, 2022: https://www.ylb.gob.bo/inicio/acerca_de_YLB

Downloads

Published

2024-04-03