Cyberneticisation as a Theory and Practice of Matter
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7480/footprint.15.1.4832Abstract
The ecological implementation of cybernetic ideas in architecture requires a material theory and practice that enables their propositions to be tested. The need for approaches that move from simulation to cybernetic reality is a documented limitation of cybernetics recognised by Stafford Beer with his pond ecology experiments and Gordon Pask through electrochemical devices. While both experimented with adaptive material platforms as embodiments of designed cybernetic systems, their approaches were limited by the available toolsets. This article considers an ecological trajectory of cybernetisation by revisiting notions of biological computation as a generative material practice. In particular, the growing fields of biodesign and living architecture go beyond notions of biological analogues that inform modern architecture by directly incorporating living systems into the very fabric of buildings as designed expressions of ecology.
References
Almouemen, Nour., Helena M. Kelly, and Cian O’Leary. 2019. “Tissue Engineering: Understanding the Role of Biomaterials and Biophysical Forces on Cell Functionality Through Computational and Structural Biotechnology Analytical Methods.” Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 17: 591-598.
Anker, Peder. 2005. “The Closed World of Ecological Architecture.” The Journal of Architecture, 10, no. 5: 527-552.
Anker, Peder. 2002. “The Context of Ecosystem Theory.” Ecosystems, 5: 611-613.
Anker, P. 2001. Imperial Ecology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Armstrong Rachel, Simone Ferracina, Gary Caldwell, Ioannis Ieropoulos, Gimi Rimbu, Andrew Adamatzky, Neil Phillips, Davide De Lucrezia, Barbara Imhof, Martin M. Hanczyc, Juan Nogales, and Jose Garcia. 2017. “Living Architecture (LIVING ARCHITECTURE): Metabolically engineered building units.” In Cultivated Building Materials: Industrialized Natural Resources for Architecture and Construction, edited by Dirk E. Hebel and Felix Heisel, 170-177. Berlin, Germany: Birkhauser.
Ashby, Ross. 1960. Design for a Brain: The Origin of Adaptive Behaviour. London: Chapman and Hall.
Beer, Stafford. 2001. “A Filigree Friendship.” Kybernetes, 30, no. 5–6: 551–59.
Bing, Franklin Church. 1971. “History of the word Metabolism.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 26, no. 2: 158–180.
Bird, Jon and Ezequiel Di Paolo. 2008. Gordon Pask His Maverick Machines. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262083775.003.0008.
Brahic, Catherine. 2014. “Meet the electric life forms that live on pure energy.” New Scientist, 16 July. https://institutions.newscientist.com/article/dn25894-meet-the-electric-life-forms-that-live-on-pure-energy/.
Campbell, Molly. 2020. “Yeast, a “rising” approach to manufacturing collagen.” Biopharma, 19 February. https://www.technologynetworks.com/biopharma/blog/yeast-a-rising-approach-to-manufacturing-collagen-331043.
Ceremi, Kustrim, Kerem Can Akkaya, Carsten Pohl, Bertram Schmidt, and Petr Neubauer. 2019. “Fungi as source for new bio-based materials: a patent review.” Fungal Biology and Biotechnology, 6, no.17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40694-019-0080-y.
Clements, Frederic E. 1916. Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Washington D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Clish, Clary B. 2015. “Metabolomics: an emerging but powerful tool for precision medicine.” Cold Spring Harbour Molecular Case Studies, 1, no.1. https://doi.org/10.1101/mcs.a000588
de Lorenzo, Victor. 2015. “It’s the Metabolism, Stupid!” Environmental Microbiology Reports, 7: 18–19.
Gardener, William O. 2020. The Metabolist Imagination: Visions of the City in Postwar Japanese Architecture and Science Fiction. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Gilbert, Scott F. 1982. “Intellectual traditions in the life sciences: Molecular biology and biochemistry.” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 26, no.1: 151–162.
Gordon, Jeffrey, Nancy Knowlton, David A. Relman, Forest Rohwer, and Merry Youle. 2013. “Superorganisms and holobionts.” Microbe, 8, no.4: 152–153.
Haeckel, Ernst. 1866. Generelle morphologie der organismen. Allgemeine grundzüge der organischen formen-wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte descendenztheorie. Berlin: George Reimer.
Haraway, Donna. (1991). “A cyborg manifesto: Science, technology and socialist-feminism in the late twentieth century.” In Simians, cyborg and women: The reinvention of Nature, edited by Donna Haraway, 149–181. New York: Routledge.
Jencks, Charles. 1977. “Introduction.” In Metabolism in Architecture, edited by Kisho Kurokawa, 8-22. Boulder: Westview Press.
Kohler, Robert E. 1971. “The Background to Eduard Buchner's Discovery of Cell-Free Fermentation.” Journal of the History of Biology, 4, no.1: 35-61.
Lindeman, Raymond L. 1942. “The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology.” Ecology, 23, no.4: 399-417.
Odum, Eugene P. 1959. Fundamentals of Ecology. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Patten, Bernard C., and Eugene P. Odum. 1981. “The Cybernetic Nature of Ecosystems.” The American Naturalist, 118, no.6: 886-895.
Phillips, John. 1931. “The Biotic Community.” Journal of Ecology, 19: 1–24.
Phillips, John. 1934. “Succession, Development, the Climax, and the Complex Organism: An Analysis of Concepts. Part I.” Journal of Ecology, 22: 554–571.
Phillips, John. 1935a. “Succession, Development, the Climax, and the Complex Organism: An Analysis of Concepts. Part II. Development and the Climax.” Journal of Ecology, 23: 210–246.
Phillips, John. 1935b. “Succession, Development, the Climax, and the Complex Organism: An Analysis of Concepts. Part III. The Complex Organism: Conclusion.” Journal of Ecology, 23: 488–508.
Pickering, Andrew. 2010. The Cybernetic Brain: Sketches of Another Future. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rehman, Saima, Muhammad Ali, Mohammad Zuber, Khalid M. Zia, and Rehana Iqbal. 2017. “Future Prospects of Algae-Based Materials. Chemistry.” In Algae Based Polymers, Blends, and Composites: Chemistry, Biotechnology and Materials Science, edited by Khalid Mahmood Zia, Mohammed Zuber, and Muhammad Ali, 687-691. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Schowalter, Timothy D. 2011. “Ecosystem Structure and Function.” In Insect Ecology, edited by Timothy D Schowalter, 327-358. London: Elsevir.
Shavandi, Amin, and Esmat Jalalvandi. 2019. “Biofabrication of Bacterial Constructs: New Three-Dimensional Biomaterials.” Bioengineering, 6, no.2: 44.
Smuts, Jan Christian. 1927. Holism and Evolution. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited.
Tansley, Arthur George. 1904. “The Problems of Ecology.” New Phytologist, 3: 191–200.
Tansley, Arthur George. 1935. “The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms.” Ecology, 16: 284-307.
Taylor, Tim, Mark Bedau, Alastair Channon, David Ackley, Wolfgang Banzhaf, Guillaume Belson, Emily Dolson, Tom Froese, Simon Hickinbotham, Takashi Ikegami, Barry McMullin, Norman Packard, Steen Rasmussen, Nathaniel Virgo, Eran Agmon, Edward Clark, Simon McGregor, Charles Ofria, Glen Ropella, Lee Spector, Kenneth O. Stanley, Adam Standton, Christopher Timperley, Anya Vostinar, and Michael Wiser. 2016. “Open-ended evolution: Perspectives from the OEE workshop in York.” Artificial Life, 22: 408–423.
Wiener, Norbert. 1948. Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Wilson, Bryan A., Jonathan C. Schisler, and Monte S. Willis. 2010. “Sir Hans Adolf Krebs: Architect of Metabolic Cycles.” Laboratory Medicine, 41. no.6: 377–380.
Wöhler, Frederich. 1828. "Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs.” Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 88, no.2: 253–256.
Yonglin, Ge. 2014. “Is Odum’s Ecological Thought Holism?” Acta Ecologica Sinica, 34, no.15. https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201303120394.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Rolf Hughes, Professor, Rachel Armstrong, Professor
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.