Changing Values on Water in Delta Cities
The case of Guangzhou in China’s Pearl River Delta
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7480/abe.2018.20.2562Keywords:
urban design, urban planning, delta urbanism, urbanism, floodingAbstract
Delta cities worldwide are confronted with great challenges concerning flood risks, environmental pressures and other water-related urban issues. The complexity in both physical and social dimensions lies in diverse (and in many cases conflicting) values held by a wide variety of actors in spatial development. These values are shaped by the long-term impacts of natural forces, political powers, development ideologies, economic models, social structures, and local cultures. Defining the central role of “water” in structuring delta cities, this research applies the value concept as a particular lens to study how water is valued in each society through history. It argues that the recognition of diverse water values can help bridge the interplay between physical and societal systems within the delta, which can play a central role in developing urban planning and design strategies towards sustainable and liveable urban water environments.
The thesis develops an empirically tested analytical framework which links value theory with planning and design practices to investigate context-specific spatial transformations as a result of individual and collective value judgements. Four key aspects of water values including flood safety, as well as economic, social and environmental values, are studied, and their interrelationships are discussed. Morphological analyses and value assessments are conducted to explore in what sense spatial changes can be considered an expression of the changing values and what we can learn from it to deal with complex spatial situations. The empirical studies are based on the long-term spatial development of Guangzhou as representative of a historical and rapidly growing delta city in China. Three development stages are illustrated to show different patterns of water-city interactions, the waterways city (before the 1920s) that was mainly structured by natural forces including natural waterways, the functional city (1920s-1970s) that was managed in a highly centralised approach such as functional zoning and large-scale flood defence, and the pluralistic city (after the 1970s) with the tendency towards accommodating plural values of water such as environmental sustainability, social equity and cultural identity.
Based on value theory and the empirical studies of Guangzhou, three main characteristics of value transitions can be suggested. First, values change through time in response to the changing conditions of natural dynamics, societal needs, and emerging risks. It is important to recognise the process of transition and its underlying forces to enable a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that influence the spatial development and policy-making. Second, value conflicts act as a motivating force for changes in both spatial and social dimensions. Understanding the interrelations between values, either synergic or conflicting, is important to evaluate spatial policies and define future development orientations. Third, the persistence of traditional values within a society over time indicates the core cultures and common interests intrinsic to each society with an adaptive capacity to cope with changing contexts.
References
Aerts, J., Major, D.C., Bowman, M. J., Dircke, P., & Aris Marfai, M. (2009). Connecting delta cities: coastal cities, flood risk management and adaptation to climate change. VU University Press.
Aerts, J., Botzen, W., Bowman, M., Dircke, P., & Ward, P. (2013). Climate adaptation and flood risk in coastal cities. Routledge.
Agriculture Archives of the Pearl River Delta: The formation and development history of the Pearl River Delta 珠江三角洲农业志: 珠江三角洲形成发育和开发史. (1976). Editorial board of the Agriculture Archives of the Pearl River Delta 佛山地区革命委员会. “珠江三角洲农业志”编写组.
Alderfer, C.P. (1969). An empirical test of a new theory of human needs. Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance. 4(2), 142-175.
Alexander, C. (1965). A city is not a tree. Architectural Forum, 122(1), 58-62.
Alexander, E.R. (Ed.). (2006). Evaluation in planning. Evolution and prospects. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Anderson, J.E. (1997). Public policy making: an introduction (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Ashley, R.M. et al. (2015). UK sustainable drainage systems: past, present and future. Proceedings of ICE - Civil Engineering, 168(3), 125-130.
Awadallah, E.A., & Allam, A. (2015). A critique of the balanced scorecard as a performance measurement tool. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 6(7), 91-99.
Baker, V.R. (2007). Flood hazard science, policy, and values: A pragmatist stance. Technology in Society, 29(2), 161-168.
Ball, P. (2016). The water kingdom. Random House.
Bannock, G. et al. (1998). Dictionary of economics, 6th edition, Penguin.
Bao, J., & Liu, X. 保继刚 _& 刘雪梅. (2005). Reflection on renewal of waterside area guided by real estate devel¬opment - with the east riverside area of Guangzhou as an example. 房地产开发主导下城市滨水区更新的反思—以广州滨江东为例. Planners 规划师, 21(5), 107-110.
Bao, S., & Gu, M. 鲍世行&顾孟潮. (1996). Urban studies and Shanshui city 城市学与山水城市. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press 北京:中国建筑工业出版社.
Basiago, A.D. (1999). Economic, social and environmental sustainability in development theory and urban planning practice. The Environmentalist, 19, 145-161.
Bernabo, J.C. (1995). Communication among scientists, decision makers and society: Developing policy-relevant global climate change research. Studies in Environmental Science, 65, 103-117.
Borsje, B.W., de Vries, S., Janssen, S.K., Luijendijk, A.P., & Vuik, V. (2017). Building with nature as coastal protec¬tion strategy in the Netherlands. In Bilkovic, D.M., Mitchell, M.M., La Peyre, M.K., & Toft, J.D. (Eds.). Living shorelines: the science and management of nature-based coastal protection. CRC Press.
Bos, M., Lagendijk, O., & Van Beusekom, E. (2004). Ruimtelijke Kwaliteit in de MER Ruimte voor de Rivieren: Beoordelingskader (BOK), Vragenlijst effectbepaling alternatieven en regiomodules. Ruimte voor de Rivier (Room for the River), Utrecht, The Netherlands, p. 3.
Bozeman, B., (2007). Public Values and Public Interest: Counterbalancing Economic Individualism. Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC.
Breen, A. & Rigby, D. (1996). The new waterfront: a worldwide urban success story. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Bridgman, E.C. (1833). Description of the city of Canton. In The Chinese Repository, Vol.2. Printed for the proprietors, 307.
Brown, R.R., Keath, N., & Wong, T.H.F. (2009). Urban water management in cities: historical, current and future regimes. Water Science & Technology, 59(5), 847-855.
Bruun, O., & Kalland, A. (2014). Asian perceptions of nature: a critical approach. Routledge.
Burford, R. (1838). Description of a view of Canton, the River Tigress, and surrounding country. London, Printed by T. Brettell.
Burril, A. (1997). Assessing the societal value of water in its uses. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission.
Cai, Y., Zhu, Z., Guo, G., & Chen, A. 蔡云楠, 朱志军, 郭冠颂 _& 陈霭雯. (2014). The Idea and Practice of Guang¬zhou Haizhu Eco-city Planning. 生态城市规划的理念与实践 _- 以广州海珠生态城为例. South Architecture 南方建筑, (6), 88-94.
Calder, I.R. (1993). Hydrologic effects of land-use change. Chapter 13 in Maidment, D.R. Handbook of hydrolo¬gy, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Campbell, H. (2002). Planning: An idea of value. The Town Planning Review, 73(3), 271-288.
Campbell, S. (1996). Green cities, growing cities, just cities?: Urban planning and the contradictions of sustain¬able development. Journal of the American Planning Association, 62(3), 296-312.
Carmona, D.S., Qu, L., & Tai, Y. (2014). Towards a livable urbanized delta region. Spatial challenges and oppor¬tunities of the Pearl River Delta. Revista M, 11(1), 8-23.
Carmona, M., De Magalhães, C. & Edwards, M. (2001). The value of urban design, London, Thomas Telford.
Carmona, M., de Magalhaes, C., & Edwards, M. (2002). What value urban design? Urban Design Internation¬al, 7(2), 63-81.
Carson, R.T., Flores, N.E., & Meade, N.F. (2001). Contingent valuation: controversies and evidence. Environmen¬tal and resource economics, 19(2), 173-210.
Carter, J. G., Cavan, G., Connelly, A., Guy, S., Handley, J., & Kazmierczak, A. (2015). Climate change and the city: Building capacity for urban adaptation. Progress in Planning, 95, 1-66.
Castells, M. (2013). Communication power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cerreta M. (2010). Thinking through complex values, in Cerreta M., Concilio G., Monno V. (Eds.). Making strate¬gies in spatial planning. Knowledge and values, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 381-404.
Chang, T.C., & Huang, S. (2011). Reclaiming the city: waterfront development in Singapore. Urban Stud¬ies, 48(10), 2085-2100.
Chen, F. (2011). Traditional architectural forms in market oriented Chinese cities: Place for localities or symbol of culture?. Habitat International, 35(2), 410-418.
Chen, X. 陈序经. (1946). Research on the Tankas 疍民的研究. The Commercial Press 商务印书馆.
Chen, Y. (2012). Modernizing Chinese cities: Guangzhou from treaty port to metropolis. Proceedings of the 15th IPHS Conference, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Chung, C. (2014). Transformations of Urbanising Delta Landscape. Doctoral dissertation of Delft University of Technology.
Cody, J. W. (1996). American planning in republican China, 1911-1937. Planning Perspectives, 11(4), 339-377.
Cody, J. W. (2001). Building in China: Henry K. Murphy’s adaptive architecture, 1914-1935. Chinese University Press.
Correljé, A., & Broekhans, B. (2015). Flood risk management in the Netherlands after the 1953 flood: a compe¬tition between the public value(s) of water. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 8(2), 99-115.
Costanza, R., d’Arge, R., De Groot, R., Faber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., ... & Raskin, R.G. (1997). The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387, 253-260.
Crichton, D. (1999). The risk triangle. In: Ingleton, J. (Ed.). Natural Disaster Management. Tudor Rose: 102-103.
Cronon, W. (1992). A place for stories: Nature, history, and narrative. The Journal of American History, 78(4), 1347-1376.
Cummings, R.G., Brookshire, D.S., Bishop, R.C., & Arrow, K.J. (1986). Valuing environmental goods: an assess¬ment of the contingent valuation method. Rowman & Littlefield Pub Incorporated.
Daily, G. (1997). Nature›s services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Dammers, E., Bregt, A.K., Edelenbos, J., Meyer, H., & Pel, B. (2014). Urbanized deltas as complex adaptive systems: Implications for planning and design. Built Environment, 40(2), 156-168.
Dasgupta, A.K. (1974). Cost-benefit analysis. In Economic Theory and the Developing Countries. Palgrave, London.
Davidoff, P. (1965). Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 31(4), 331-338.
Davoudi, S. (2012). Resilience, a bridging concept or a dead end? Planning Theory and Practice, 13(2), 299-333.
Debreu, G. (1987). Theory of value: An axiomatic analysis of economic equilibrium (No. 17). Yale University Press.
de Graaf, R., & van der Brugge, R. (2010). Transforming water infrastructure by linking water management and urban renewal in Rotterdam. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 77(8), 1282-1291.
de Greef, P. (2005). Rotterdam Waterstad 2035 (Rotterdam Watercity 2035), Internationale Architectuur Biennale Rotterdam.
de Haan, F., Ferguson, B., Adamowicz, R., Johnstone, P., Brown, R., & Wong, T. (2014). The needs of society: A new understanding of transitions, sustainability and liveability. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 85, 121-132.
de Haan, F., Ferguson, B., Brown, R., & Deletic, A. (2011). A workbench for societal transitions in water sensitive cities. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage. Porto Alegre, Brazil.
de Hoog, M., Sijmons, D. & Verschuuren, S. (1998). Laagland. HMD (Het Metropolitane Debat), Amsterdam: Herontwerp.
de Jong, M. (2012). The pros and cons of Confucian values in transport infrastructure development in China. Policy and Society, 31(1), 13-24.
de Jong, M., Yu, C., Joss, S., Wennersten, R., Yu, L., Zhang, X., & Ma, X. (2016). Eco city development in China: addressing the policy implementation challenge. Journal of Cleaner Production, 134, 31-41.
de Vlieger, B. (2016). The new delta - the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt-Delta in transition. Meyer, H., & Schrijnen, J. (Eds). Japsam Books.
Development Research Center of the State Council, & The World Bank. (2014). Urban China: Toward Efficient, Inclusive, and Sustainable Urbanization. World Bank Publications.
Dietz, M.E. (2007). Low impact development practices: A review of current research and recommendations for future directions. Water, air, and soil pollution, 186(1-4), 351-363.
Ding, C. (2003). Land policy reform in China: assessment and prospects. Land use policy, 20(2), 109-120.
Disco, C. (2002). Remaking “nature”: the ecological turn in Dutch water management. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 27(2), 206-235.
Donahue, J. (1997). Water, culture, and power: local struggles in a global context. Island Press.
Dong, H., Chen, X., & Li, J. 董皞，陈小钢，李江涛 _(2015). Annual report on urban construction and manage¬ment of Guangzhou in China. 广州城市建设与管理发展报告. Social Sciences Academic Press 社会科学文献出版社.
Dooyeweerd, H. (1953). A new critique of theoretical thought: The necessary presuppositions of philosophy. Philadelphia: The Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company.
Downing, C.T. (1838). The Fan-qui in China, in 1836-7 (Vol. III). London: Henry Colburn Publisher, 201.
Du Cros, H. (2006). The ‘Romantic European Culture Island’ with a turbulent history: the intrinsic and extrinsic values of Shamian Island, Guangzhou. China Tourism Research 1 (2&3), 193-220.
Du Cros, H., & Lee, Y.S.F. (Eds.). (2007). Cultural heritage management in China: preserving the cities of the Pearl River Delta. Routledge.
Dunn, G., Brown, R.R., Bos, J.J., & Bakker, K. (2017). The role of science-policy interface in sustainable urban water transitions: Lessons from Rotterdam. Environmental Science & Policy, 73, 71-79.
EBGC (Editorial Board of Guangzhou Chronicles) 广州市地方志编纂委员会. (2000). Guangzhou Archives Vol¬ume 3 - Hydrology 广州市志卷三水利. Guangzhou Publishing House 广州出版社, 203.
EBGPC (Editorial Board of Guangdong Provincial Chronicles) 广东省地方史志编纂委员会. (1996). Guangdong Provincial Chronicles · Railway Chronicles, 广东省志 _· 铁路志. Guangzhou: Guangdong People’s Publishing House. 广州：广东人民出版社.
EBGUPDR (Editorial Board of Guangzhou Urban Planning Development Review). (2006). Guangzhou Urban Planning Development Review (1949–2005) 广州城市规划发展回顾 _(1949-2005). Guangzhou: Guang¬dong Science and Technology Press 广州：广东科技出版社.
EBGWCC (Editorial Board of Guangzhou Water Conservancy Chronicles). (1991). 广州市水利志编纂委员会编. Guangzhou Water Conservancy Chronicles 广州市水利志. Guangdong Science and Technology Press 广东科技出版社.
Eccles, T. (1996). The professional concept of value within the built environment: a conceptual critique. Envi¬ronments By Design, 1(1), 39-52.
Edelenbos, J. (2005). Institutional implications of interactive governance. International Journal of Policy and Administration, 18, 111-134.
Emerton, L., & Bos, E. (2004). Value: Counting ecosystems as water infrastructure. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Eppli, M. & Tu, C. (1999). Valuing the new urbanism: the impact of the new urbanism on prices of single family houses. Washington DC: Urban Land Institute.
Esherick, J. (Ed.). (2002). Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900 to 1950. University of Hawaii Press.
Faculty of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University 中山大学农学院, (1935). Water disasters and hydraulic engineer¬ing development of Guangdong Province 广东省年来水灾及水利建设概况.(1935). Voice of Agriculture 农声, 187.
Farr, D. (2011). Sustainable urbanism: Urban design with nature. John Wiley & Sons.
Farris, J. A. (2016). Enclave to urbanity: Canton, foreigners, and architecture from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries. Hong Kong University Press, 45.
Feng, J. 冯江. (2013). Transformation of Guangzhou: from a provincial capital in the late Qing dynasty to the first modern city in the Republic of China 广州变形记: 从晚清省城到民国第一座现代城市. Journal of Urban and Regional Planning 城市与区域规划研究, 6(1), 107-128.
Fisher, B., & Benson, B. (2004). Remaking the urban waterfront. Urban Land Inst.
Fletcher, T.D., Shuster, W., Hunt, W.F., Ashley, R., Butler, D., Arthur, S., ... & Mikkelsen, P.S. (2015). SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more - The evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage. Urban Water Journal, 12(7), 525-542.
Flink, C., & Seans, R. (1993). Greenway, a practical guide to planning, design and management. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change ,16 (3), 253-267.
Folke, C., Carpenter, S.R., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Chapin, T., & Rockström, J. (2010). Resilience thinking: inte¬grating resilience, adaptability and transformability. Ecology and society, 15(4).
Francesch, M., Dabrowski, M., Tai, Y., Chan, F., & Stead, D. (2017). Governance challenges in flood-prone delta cities: Integrating flood risk and climate change in spatial planning. Progress in Planning, 114, 1-27.
Franzen, A., Hobma, F., De Jonge, H., & Wigmans G. (2011). Management of urban development processes in the Netherlands: Governance, Design, and Feasibility. Techne Press.
Frey, H. (2003). Designing the city: towards a more sustainable urban form. Taylor & Francis.
Friedmann, J. (1987). Planning in the public domain: From knowledge to action. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Galloway, W.E. (1975). Process framework for describing the morphologic and stratigraphic evolution of deltaic depositional systems. In Broussard, M. (Ed.): Deltas, models for exploration, 87–98. Houston Geological Society, Houston, TX.
Garrett, V.M. (2002). Heaven is high, the emperor far away: merchants and mandarins in old Canton. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gehl, J. (2013). Cities for people. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Gemeente Rotterdam. (2007). Waterplan 2, water voor een aantrekkelijke woonstad (Waterplan 2, water for an attractive city to live).
Gerritsen, H. (2005). What happened in 1953? The Big Flood in the Netherlands in retrospect. Philosoph¬ical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Scienc¬es, 363(1831), 1271-1291.
Giacomoni, M.H., Kanta, L. & Zechman, E.M. (2013). Complex adaptive system approach to simulate the sustainability of water resources and urbanisation. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 139(5), 554-564.
Giddings, B., Hopwood, B., & O’brien, G. (2002). Environment, economy and society: fitting them together into sustainable development. Sustainable development, 10(4), 187-196.
Girard L. (2010). Creative evaluations for a human sustainable planning, in Cerreta M., Concilio G., Monno V. (Eds.). Making strategies in spatial planning. Knowledge and values (pp305-327). Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Gong, Q., Yuan, S., & Chen, B. 宫清华，袁少雄，陈波. (2013). Evolution of the Pearl River course in urban area of Guangzhou and its influence on ecological environment 珠江在广州城区河段的演变及其对城市生态环境的影响．Tropical Geography 热带地理, 33(4), 394-399.
Gong, W., & Liu, Y. 龚伟丽 _& 刘义发. (2009). Maritime Silk Road - report on Guangzhou port, Nansha port district “海上丝绸之路”南沙再发力 _- 广州港南沙港区特别报道. Pearl River Water Transport 珠江水运, (10), 22-27.
Goodwin, R.F. (1999). Redeveloping deteriorated urban waterfronts: The effectiveness of US coastal manage¬ment programs. Coastal Management, 27(2-3), 239-269.
Gospodini, A. (2001). Urban waterfront redevelopment in Greek cities: a framework for redesigning space. Cities, 18(5), 285-295.
Gray, J.H. (1875). Walks in the city of Canton. De Souza & Company.
Guangzhou Hydraulic Archives 广州市水利志. (1991). Guangzhou: Guangdong Science and Technology Press 广州：广东科技出版社.
Guangzhou Urban Planning Bureau & Guangzhou Urban Development Archives 广州市城市规划局, 广州市城市建设档案馆. (2010). Illustrating the city’s cultural context – past and current atlas of Guangzhou 图说城市文脉- 广州古今地图集. Guangdong Map Publishing House 广东省地图出版社.
Guangzhou Water Affairs Bureau 广州市水务局 _(2011). A study on water culture of Guangzhou 广州水文化研究. Guangzhou: Guangdong People’s Publishing House 广州: 广东人民出版社.
Guo, R. 郭蕊. (2008). Urban form transformations of Guangzhou since 1949 建国以来广州城市形态演进研究. Master Thesis of Sun Yat-sen University 中山大学硕士学位论文, 54.
Guo, S., & Situ, S. 郭盛晖，司徒尚纪 _(2010). The value and utilization of mulberry-dike-fish pond in the Pearl River Delta in perspective of the agricultural heritage 农业文化遗产视角下珠三角桑基鱼塘的价值及保护利用. Tropical Geography 热带地理, 30(4), 452-458.
Hajer, M., Grijzen, J., & van’t Klooster, S., (2010). Strong stories: how the Dutch are reinventing spatial plan¬ning. Design and Politics, 3.
Hall, J.W., Dawson, R.J., Sayers, P.B., Rosu, C., Chatterton, J.B., & Deakin, R. (2003). A methodology for national scale flood risk assessment. Water and Maritime Engineering, 156(3), 235–247.
Hall, P. (1993). Waterfronts: A new urban frontier. In Bruttomesso, R. (Ed.). Waterfronts: A new frontier for cities on water. 12-19. Venice: International Centre Cities on Water.
Hallegatte, S., Green, C., Nicholls, R. J., & Corfee-Morlot, J. (2013). Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Na¬ture climate change, 3(9), 802-806.
Han, K. (2001). Traditional Chinese site selection - Feng Shui: an evolutionary / ecological perspective. Journal of Cultural Geography, 19(1), 75-96.
Harvey, D. (2000). Spaces of Hope. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
He, Q. 何秋红. (2013). The application of rainwater harvesting in Haizhu Lake, Guangzhou 雨洪调蓄和雨水利用在广州海珠湖的应用. Water Resources Planning and Design 水利规划与设计, (2), 21-23.
Heathcote, I. W. (1998). Integrated Watershed Management: Principles and Practice. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Heeres, N., van Dijk, T., Arts, J., & Tillema, T. (2017). Coping with interrelatedness and fragmentation at the infrastructure/land-use interface: The potential merits of a design approach. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 10(1), 409-435.
Hein, C. (2016). Port cities and urban waterfronts: How localized planning ignores water as a connector. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 3(3), 419-438.
Heurkens, E. (2001). A method to study the management of urban development projects. Management and Innovation for a Sustainable Built Environment.
Ho, V. (2005). Understanding Canton: Rethinking popular culture in the republican period. Oxford University Press.
Hoban, A.T. & Wong, T.H.F. (2006). WSUD and resilience to climate change. First Australian National Hydropo¬lis Conference, Perth WA.
Hooimeijer, F. (2011). The traditions of making polder cities. Doctoral dissertation of Delft University of Tech¬nology.
Hooimeijer, F., Meyer, H., & Nienhuis, A. (2005). Atlas of Dutch Water-Cities. Amsterdam: SUN publishers.
Howe, C., & Mitchell, C. (Eds.). (2012). Water sensitive cities. IWA Publishing.
Hoyle, B. (2000). Global and local change on the port-city waterfront. Geographical Review, 90(3), 395-417.
Hoyle, B., & Pinder, D. (1981). Cityport industrialization and regional development: Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Hu, D. (1994). A Human-ecology approach to environmental design: an integrative human-ecology design derived from Chinese agricultural culture experiences. Journal of Environmental Science, 6(4), 478-486.
Huang Z., & Zhang, W. 黄镇国, & 张伟强. (2004). Impacts of artificial factors on the evolution of geomorphology during recent thirty years in the Pearl River Delta 人为因素对珠江三角洲近 _30 年地貌演变的影响. Quater¬nary Sciences 第四纪研究, 24(4), 394-401.
Huang, F. 黄佛頤. (1994a). Guangzhou City Chorography 广州城坊志. Guangzhou: Guangdong People’s Publish¬ing House 广州：广东人民出版社.
Huang, S. 黄少敏. (1994b). The establishment of cities and their geographical environments - the urban development of Guangzhou 城市的建立与地理环境-兼论广州城区的发展. Proceedings of 1994 Guangdong Geographical Association Annual Conference 广东省地理学会1994年综合学术年会论文集. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology Press 广州: 华南理工大学出版社.
Huang, L. et al. 黄鹭新等 _(2009). Reviewing China’s three decades of urban planning (1978-2008) 中国城市规划三十年纵览(1978-2008). Urban Planning International 国际城市规划, 24(1), 1-8.
Huang, Z., Li, P., Zhang, Z., Li, K., & Qiao, P. 黄镇国, 李平日, 张仲英, 李孔宏 _& 乔彭年. (1982). The Formation, Development, and Evolution of the Pearl River Delta 珠江三角洲形成发育演变. Guangzhou: Popular Science Press, Guangzhou Branch 广州: 科学普及出版社广州分社.
Huang, Z., Zong, Y., & Zhang, W. (2004). Coastal inundation due to sea level rise in the Pearl River Delta, Chi¬na. Natural hazards, 33(2), 247-264.
Hui, X. (2013). Housing, urban renewal and socio-spatial integration: a study on rehabilitating the former socialistic public housing areas in Beijing. Doctoral dissertation of Delft University of Technology.
Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American sociological review, 19-51.
Innes, J.E. (1996). Planning through consensus building: A new view of the comprehensive planning ideal. Jour¬nal of the American Planning Association, 62(4), 460-472.
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). (1980). World Conservation Strategy - Living resource conservation for sustainable development.
Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of American cities. New York : Random House.
Jacobs, M.H., & Buijs, A.E. (2011). Understanding stakeholders’ attitudes toward water management interven¬tions: Role of place meanings. Water Resources Research, 47(1), 1-11.
Jha, A.K., Bloch, R., & Lamond, J. (2012). Cities and flooding: a guide to integrated urban flood risk management for the 21st century. World Bank Publications.
Ji, Y. 纪芸. (2009). Research on the land use change of the built-up area of Guangzhou between 1907 and 1968, 1907-1968年广州市建成区内土地利用变化研究. Master Thesis of South China Normal University 华南师范大学硕士学位论文.
Johnston, B.R., Hiwasaki, L., Klaver, I.J., Castillo, A.R., & Strang, V. (Eds.). (2011). Water, cultural diversity, and global environmental change: Emerging trends, sustainable futures?. Springer Science & Business Media.
Johnstone, P., Adamowicz, R., de Haan, J., Ferguson, B., & Wong, T.H.F (2012). Liveability and the water sensi¬tive city - science-policy partnership for water sensitive cities. Melbourne, Australia: Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities.
Jorgensen, T.B., & Bozeman, B., (2007). Public values: an inventory. Administration and Society, 39(3), 354-381.
Kaplan, R.S., & Norton, D.P. (1992). The Balanced Scorecard: Measures that drive performance. Harvard Busi¬ness Review, 172-180.
Keeney, R.L. (1992). Value-focused thinking: A path to creative decision-making. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Keessen, A., Hamer, J., van Rijswick, H., & Wiering, M. (2013). The concept of resilience from a normative per¬spective: examples from Dutch adaptation strategies. Ecology and Society, 18(2), 45.
Klaasen, I.T. (2003). Knowledge-based design: Developing urban & regional design into a science. Doctoral dissertation of Delft University of Technology.
Klein, R.J., Nicholls, R.J., & Thomalla, F. (2003). Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept? Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, 5(1), 35-45.
Klijn, F., de Bruin, D., de Hoog, M.C., Jansen, S., & Sijmons, D.F. (2013). Design quality of room-for-the-river measures in the Netherlands: role and assessment of the quality team (Q-team). International Journal of River Basin Management, 11(3), 287-299.
Klosterman, R.E. (1980). A public interest criterion. Journal of the American Planning Association, 46(3), 323-333.
Kluckhohn, C. (1951). Values and value-orientations in the theory of action: An exploration in definition and classification. In Parsons, T. & Shils, E. (Eds.), Toward a general theory of action (pp. 388-433). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kroeber, A.L., & Parsons, T. (1958). The concepts of culture and of social system. American Sociological Re¬view, 23(5), 582-583.
Lai, S., & Yuan, Z. 赖寿华 _& 袁振杰. (2010). Guangzhou Asian Games and the reflection on urban development – the case of the Lychee Bay Project 广州亚运与城市更新的反思—以广州市荔湾区荔枝湾整治工程为例. Planners 规划师, 26(12), 16-20.
Lansing, J.B. & Marans, R.W. (1969). Evaluation of neighborhood quality, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(3), 195-199.
Lee, E.B.S. (1936). Modern Canton. Shanghai: The Mercury Press.
Lems, P. (2008). The values of urban water. Proceedings of 11th ICUD – international conference on urban drainage. 31 August–5 September 2008.
Lewis, M., Van Wijnen, S., & Coste, C. (2010). The integration of low impact design, urban design, and urban form. Prepared by Boffa Miskell for Auckland Regional Council. Auckland Regional Council Technical Report, TR2010/013.
Li, G., & Lin, W. (Eds.) (2006). 李国荣，林伟森主编. Chronicle of the Hong merchants in Canton during the Qing dynasty 清代广州十三行纪略. Guangzhou: Guangdong People’s Publishing House. 广州：广东人民出版社.
Li, J. 李俊敬. (1990). Transformation of the Pearl River (Guangzhou Part) 珠江广州段江岸的演变. History of South China 华南历史, (3), 58.
Li, L., Lin, J., Li, X., & Wu, F. (2014). Redevelopment of urban village in China - a step towards an effective urban policy? A case study of Liede village in Guangzhou. Habitat International, 43, 299-308.
Li, Y. 李燕. (2014). Constructing ‘An Imaginative Place’: Cultural Representation for Urban Space from the Perspective of Place 构建 _“想象的地方”: 从地方的视角看广州城市空间的文化表述. Urban Insight 城市观察, (4), 166-175.
Li, Y., Yang, Z., & Cui, B. 李英华, 杨志峰, & 崔保山 _(2014). Analysis of wetland ecological characteristics in Nansha, Guangzhou 广州南沙地区湿地生态特征现状分析. Journal of Beijing Normal University (Nature Science), 北京师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 40(4), 534-539.
Li, Z. 李真锦. (1986). Single port foreign trade of Guangzhou and its impacts in the Qing dynasty 清代广州独口对外通商及其影响. Guangdong Social Sciences 广东社会科学, (2), 90-96.
Li, Z. 黎子浩. (1985). The effects of united embankments on the flow shift and channel changes in the Pearl River Delta. 珠江三角洲联围筑闸对水流及河床演变的影响. Tropical Geography 热带地理, 5(2), 99-107.
Liang, D. （清）梁鼎芬修，丁仁长，吴道镕等纂 _(1911). Xuantong Panyu County Chronicles 宣统番禺县续志.
Liang, G. 梁国昭. (2008). Guangzhou port: the geographical change of Guangzhou port in the past two thousand years and its effect on the formation of the city 广州港：从石门到虎门 _- 历史时期广州港口地理变化及其对城市空间拓展的影响, Tropical Geography 热带地理 _, 28(3), 247-252.
Liang, J. 梁嘉彬. (1999). Research on the thirteen factories area in Guangdong 广东十三行考. Guangzhou: Guangdong People’s Publishing House. 广州：广东人民出版社.
Lichfield, N. (1960). Cost-benefit analysis in city planning. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 26(4), 273-279.
Liew, A., & Sundaram, D. (2009). Flexible modelling and support of interrelated decisions. Decision Support Systems, 46(4), 786–802.
Lin, C., & Li, H. 林传华 _& 李河. (2002). Urban regeneration in the waterfront – cases of the White Swan Lake and Long Dike area in Guangzhou 滨水地区的城市更新—以广州白鹅潭、长堤地区为例. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Urban Planning Society of China (UPSC) in 2002: Historical and Cultural Protection of Cities, 151-157 中国城市规划学会2002年年会论文集：城市历史文化保护.
Lin, G.C.S. (1997). Red capitalism in South China: growth and development of the Pearl River Delta. UBC Press.
Lin, S., et al., 林树森等. (2006). Planning Guangzhou 规划广州. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press 北京：中国建筑出版社.
Littell, E. (Ed.). (1845). The Canton River, in Littell’s Living Age (Vol. 4). T.H. Carter & Company, 45-46.
Liu, D. 刘大钧. (1937). China Industry Survey Report 中国工业调查报告. Institute of Economic Statistics 经济统计研究所, 203.
Loe, K. (1999). The value of architecture – context and current thinking. RIBA Future Studies series, London: RIBA.
Lu, P., & Stead, D. (2013). Understanding the notion of resilience in spatial planning: a case study of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Cities, 35, 200-212.
Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
Lynch, K. (1981). A theory of good city form. M.I.T Press: Cambridge.
Mai, L. 麦丽莎. (2011). The present and past of the Lychee Bay 广州荔枝湾的兴衰浅析. Journal of Guangdong Landscape Architecture, 广东园林, 33(4), 20-22.
Marks, R. (1998). Tigers, rice, silk, and silt: environment and economy in late imperial south China. Cambridge University Press.
Marx, K., & Mandel, E. (1894). Capital: a critique of political economy. Vol. 2, translated by David Fernbach. Penguin.
Maslow, A.H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological review, 50(4), 370-396.
McCarthy, J. (1996). Waterfront regeneration in the Netherlands: The cases of Rotterdam and Maastricht. Euro¬pean Planning Studies, 4(5), 545-560.
McHarg, Ian L. (1969). Design with nature. New York: American Museum of Natural History.
Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J., & Behrens, W. W. (1972). The limits to growth. New York: Universe Books.
Meyer, H. (1999). City and port: urban planning as a cultural venture in London, Barcelona, New York, and Rotterdam: changing relations between public urban space and large-scale infrastructure. Utrecht, Nether¬lands: International Books.
Meyer, H. (2016). Making urbanizing deltas more resilient by design. Proceedings of the 17th IPHS Conference, Delft.
Meyer, H. (2017). The state of the delta - engineering, urban development and nation building in the Nether¬lands. Nijmegen: Vantilt Publishers.
Meyer, H., Bobbink, I., & Nijhuis, S. (2010). Delta Urbanism-The Netherlands. Washington, DC: American Planning Association Planners Press.
Meyer, H., Bregt, A., Dammers, E., & Edelenbos, J. (Eds.). (2015b). New perspectives on urbanizing deltas. Amsterdam: MUST Publishers.
Meyer, H., Broesi, R., & Edelenbos, J. (2015a). Introduction. In Meyer, H., Bregt, A., Dammers, E., & Edelenbos, J. (Eds.). New perspectives on urbanizing deltas: a complex adaptive systems approach to planning and design (pp. 9-46). Amsterdam: MUST Publishers.
Meyer, H., Nillesen, A.L., & Zonneveld, W. (2012). Rotterdam: A city and a mainport on the edge of a delta. European Planning Studies, 20(1), 71-94.
Meynhardt, T., (2009). Public value inside: what is public value creation? International Journal of Public Admin¬istration 32(3-4), 192-219.
Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, (2006). Planologische kernbeslissing Ruimte voor de Rivier. Kabinetsstandpunt; Nota van Toelichting (Spatial Planning Key Decision Room for the River). Utrecht: Projectorganisatie Ruimte voor de Rivier.
Mo, B. et al. 莫伯治等. (1995). Planning of the Haizhu Square in Guangzhou 广州海珠广场规划. Architectural Journal 建筑学报, (18), 10-11.
Molenaar, A., van Barneveld, N., Goedbloed, D., Jacobs, J., de Jager, W., de Koeijer, D., ... & van Velen, P. (2010). Rotterdam Climate Proof, Adaptation Programme 2010. Rotterdam: Rotterdam Climate Initiative.
Montz, B. E. (2000). The generation of flood hazards and disasters by urban development of flood¬plains. Floods, 1, 116-127.
Mooney, C. & Tan, P.L. (2012). South Australia’s river murray: social and cultural values in water planning. Journal of Hydrology, 474, 29-37.
Moore, M., (1995). Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Morris, C.W. (1956). Varieties of human value. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Morse, H. B. (1926). The chronicles of the East India Company trading to China 1635-1834, Vol III-IV. Harvard University Press.
Moudon, A. V. (1997). Urban morphology as an emerging interdisciplinary field. Urban Morphology, 1, 3-10.
Mu, R., de Jong, M., Ma, Y., & Xi, B. (2015). Trading off public values in High-Speed Rail development in China. Journal of Transport Geography, 43, 66-77.
Munier, N. (2005). Introduction to sustainability - road to a better future. Dordrecht: Springer.
Ng, M.K., & Xu, J. (2000). Development control in post-reform China: the case of Liuhua Lake Park, Guang¬zhou. Cities, 17(6), 409-418.
Ni, W. 倪文君 _(2007). Guangzhou’s cityscape ‘shaped’ by Westerners (1517-1840) - centred on the accounts of travellers, missionaries, and members of the mission. 西方人“塑造”的广州景观（1517-1840）- 以旅行者、传教士和使团成员的记述为中心. Doctoral thesis of Fudan University复旦大学博士学位论文.
Nillesen, A.L. (2013). Water-safety strategies and local-scale spatial quality. In Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer, 166 (1), 16-23. Thomas Telford Ltd.
Nirupama, N., & Simonovic, S.P. (2007). Increase of flood risk due to urbanisation: A Canadian example. Natural Hazards, 40(1), 25-41.
Niu, W. 牛文元. (2013). China’s New Urbanisation Report 2013.中国新型城市化报告 _2013.
Obo, U.B., Eteng, F.O., & Coker, M.A. (2014). Public opinion and the public policy making process in Nigeria: A critical assessment. Canadian Social Science, 10(5), 85-92.
Olivecrona, G.W. (1925). The flood problem of Kwangtung. Board of Conservancy Works of Kwangtung. Lingnan Agricultural Review, 3(1), 1-13.
Pahl-Wostl, C. (2002). Towards sustainability in the water sector - The importance of human actors and pro¬cesses of social learning, Aquatic Scences, 64(4), 394-411.
Palmboom, F. (1987). Rotterdam, verstedelijkt landschap (‘Rotterdam, Urbanized Landscape’). Uitgeverij 010.
Pan, J. 潘建非. (2012). The renovation of urban old town water system from the perspective of urban renewal -Case study of Guangzhou the Lychee Bay & Donghao waterway 基于城市更新视角的旧城中心区水系整治—以广州荔枝湾涌、东濠涌为例. Chinese Landscape Architecture 中国园林, (3), 62-65.
Pan, Z., Chen, C., Peng, T., & Li, J. 潘忠诚, 陈翀, 彭涛 _& 李箭飞. (2007). The idea and practice of integration and continuity - urban design of the traditional central axis in Guangzhou “整体” 与 _“延续” 的概念和实践 _- 广州市传统中轴线城市设计的思考. Urban Planning Forum 城市规划学刊, (2), 100-105.
Peng, C. 彭长歆. (2006). ‘Shop corridor’ and arcade street: a study on the official pattern of arcade streets in Southern China based on the long dike plan of Guangzhou by Zhang Zhidong ‘铺廊’与骑楼：从张之洞广州长堤计划看岭南骑楼的官方原型. In Zhang F., Study and preservation of Chinese modern architecture (5th issue) 张复合主编，中国近代建筑研究与保护 _(五).
Perry, R.B. (1916). Economic value and moral value. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 30(3), 443-485.
Pieterse, E.A. (2008). City futures: Confronting the crisis of urban development. Zed Books.
Pinzon Cortes, C.E. (2009). Mapping urban form: Morphology studies in the contemporary urban landscape. Doctoral dissertation of Delft University of Technology.
Porfyriou, H., & Sepe, M. (Eds.). (2016). Waterfronts revisited: European ports in a historic and global perspec¬tive. Routledge.
Porteous, J.D. (1971). Design with People: The Quality of the Urban Environment. Environment and Behav¬ior, 3(2), 155-177.
Portugali, J., Meyer, H., Stolk, E., & Tan, E. (2012). Complexity theories of cities have come of age: an overview with implications to urban planning and design. Springer Science & Business Media.
Priscoli, J.D. (1998). Water and civilisation: using history to reframe water policy debates and build new ecologi¬cal realism. Water Policy, 1, 623–636.
Qiu, B. 仇保兴. (2015). Meaning, approach and vision of the sponge city海绵城市(LID)的内涵，途径与展望. Construction Science and Technology建设科技, 1, 11-18.
Qiu, C. 丘传英 _(Ed.). (1998). Economic history of Guangzhou in early modern times 广州近代经济史. Guang¬zhou: Guangdong People’s Publishing House 广州：广东人民出版社.
Qiu, L. 邱丽 _(2009). Riverway change of the Pearl River and the development of street space in Guangzhou in the Ming and Qing dynasties 明清广州珠江河道的变迁与城市街巷空间的发展. Huazhong Architecture 华中建筑, 27(1), 162-165.
Raaijmakers, R., Krywkow, J., & Van der Veen, A. (2008). Flood risk perceptions and spatial multi-criteria analy¬sis: an exploratory research for hazard mitigation. Natural Hazards, 46(3), 307-322.
Rapoport, A. (1970). The study of spatial quality. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 4(4), 81-95.
Register, R. (2006). Ecocities: Rebuilding cities in balance with nature. New Society Publishers.
Ren, X. (2013). Urban China. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Rescher, N., (1982). Introduction to Value Theory. University Press of America, Washington, DC.
Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.
Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W. & Hammer S. (2011). First UCCRN assessment report on climate change in cities (ARC3), Cambridge University Press.
Ruan, X., & Qiu, W. 阮小燕, 邱维. (2011). Causes and countermeasures of waterlogging in the Liede River Basin of Guangzhou. 广州市猎德涌流域内涝成因及对策. China Water & Wastewater. 中国给水排水. 27(4), 18-21.
Ruan, Y., & Sun, M. 阮仪三 _& 孙萌. (2001). The study on some issues related to the conservation and planning for the historic streets and areas in China 我国历史街区保护与规划的若干问题研究. Shanghai Urban Plan¬ning Review 上海城市规划, (4), 2-9. Ruddle, K., & Zhong, G. (1988). Integrated agriculture-aquaculture in South China: the dike-pond system of the Zhujiang Delta. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Ruddle, K., Furtado, J. I., Zhong, G.F., & Deng, H.Z. (1983). The mulberry dike-carp pond resource system of the Zhujiang (Pearl River) Delta, People’s Republic of China: I. Environmental context and system overview. Ap¬plied Geography, 3(1), 45-62.
Sairinen R, & Kumpulainen, S. (2006). Assessing social impacts in urban waterfront regeneration. Environmen¬tal Impact Assessment Review (26), 120-135.
Schelwald-van der Kley, A.J.M. & Reijerkerk, L. (2009). Water: a way of life: sustainable water management in a cultural context. CRC Press.
Schreuder, Y. (2001). The Polder model in Dutch economic and environmental planning. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 21(4), 237-245.
Schultz, P.W., Gouveia, V.V., Cameron, L.D., Tankha, G., Schmuck, P. & Frank, M. (2005) Values and their rela¬tionship to environmental concern and conservation behaviour. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 457-475.
Schwartz, S.H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theory and empirical tests in 20 countries. In Zanna, M. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1-65). New York: Academic Press.
Schwartz, S.H. (1996). Value priorities and behavior: Applying a theory of integrated value systems. In C. Selig¬man, J.M. Olson, & M.P. Zanna (Eds.), The psychology of values: The Ontario Symposium, Vol. 8 (pp.1-24). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Seto, K.C. (2011). Exploring the dynamics of migration to mega-delta cities in Asia and Africa: Contemporary drivers and future scenarios. Global Environmental Change, 21, S94-S107.
Shang, Y. 尚钺 _(2000). A concise outline of Chinese history 中国历史纲要. Shijiazhuang: Hebei Education Pub¬lishing House 石家庄：河北教育出版社.
Shen, J., Wong, K.Y., & Feng, Z. (2002). State-sponsored and spontaneous urbanization in the Pearl River Delta of south China, 1980-1998. Urban Geography, 23(7), 674-694.
Shi, N. 石楠. (2004). Discussion on the public interest in urban planning 试论城市规划中的公共利益. City Plan¬ning Review 城市规划, 28(6), 20-31.
Sijmons, D. (1991). Het Casco-Concept: een Benaderingswijze voor Landschapsplanning, Utrecht: IKC-NBLF.
Situ, S. & Li, N. 司徒尚纪 _& 李宁利 _(1998). Site selection and layout of Guangzhou from a Feng Shui perspective 广州古城选址和布局的风水地理透视. Lingnan Culture and History 岭南文史, 18(3), 33-38.
Smith, C. (2013). City water, city life: water and the infrastructure of ideas in urbanizing Philadelphia, Boston, and Chicago. University of Chicago Press.
Smith, H.S. (1938). Dairy of events and the progress on Shameen, 1859-1938. Hong Kong.
Smith, M.M. (2009). Issues in cultural tourism studies. Routledge.
Smits, A.J.M., Nienhuis, P.H., & Saeijs, H.L.F. (2006). Changing estuaries, changing views. Hydrobiolo¬gia, 565(1), 339-355.
So, A.Y. (1986). The South China silk district: Local historical transformation and world system theory. SUNY Press.
Song, W., Zhu, X., & Wu, Q. 宋伟轩, 朱喜钢, 吴启焰 _(2010). Public interests protection of urban waterfront by planning 城市滨水空间公共权益的规划保护. City Planning Review 城市规划, (10), 43-47.
Stern, P.C., & Dietz, T. (1994). The value basis of environmental concern. Journal of social issues, 50(3), 65-84.
Stewart, J., (2006). Value conflict and policy change. Review of Policy Research, 23(1), 83-95.
Stewart, J. (2009) Public policy values. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Strang, V. (2004). The meaning of water. Oxford and New York: Berg Publishers.
Su, Z. (Ed.) 苏泽群编. (2010). Lychee Bay 荔枝湾. Heilongjiang Science and Technology Press 黑龙江科学技术出版社.
Sun, Y. S. (1922). The international development of China. New York: G. P. Putnam, 77. (English Translation in 1929).
Syme, G. J. & Nancarrow, B. E. (2008). The social and cultural aspects of sustainable water use. In Water Re¬source Policy in Australia, Chapter 7 Crase, L. (Eds.). Resource for the Future, Washington D.C.
Syme, G. J., Porter, N. B., Goeft, U., & Kington, E. A. (2008). Integrating social well-being into assessments of water policy: meeting the challenge for decision makers. Water Policy, 10(4), 323-343.
Syvitski, J. P., & Saito, Y. (2007). Morphodynamics of deltas under the influence of humans. Global and Plane¬tary Change, 57(3), 261-282.
Talberth, J., & Bohara, A.K. (2006). Economic openness and green GDP. Ecological Economics, 58(4), 743-758.
Tan, D. 谭棣华. (1993). The Shatian (reclaimed land) of the Pearl River Delta in the Qing dynasty 清代珠江三角洲的沙田. Guangzhou: Guangdong People’s Publishing House 广州：广东人民出版社.
Tanguay, G.A., Rajaonson, J., Lefebvre, J.F., & Lanoie, P. (2010). Measuring the sustainability of cities: An analy¬sis of the use of local indicators. Ecological Indicators, 10(2), 407-418.
Tao, W., & Ye, Y. 陶伟 _& 叶颖. (2015). Customized authenticity: processes and effects of Liede Village Recon¬struction in Guangzhou 定制化原真性: 广州猎德村改造的过程及效果. City Planning Review 城市规划, (2), 85-92.
Teisman, G.R., Van Buuren, M.W. & Gerrits, L. (eds.) (2009). Managing Complex Governance Systems. London: Routledge.
Thacher, D. & Rein, M. (2004). Managing value conflict in public policy. Governance, 17(4), 457-486.
The First Historical Archives of China, Guangzhou Municipal Archives Bureau and People’s Government of Guangzhou Yuexiu District 中国第一历史档案馆，广州市档案局，广州市越秀区人民政府, (2003). Selected Historical Maps of Guangzhou 广州历史地图精粹. Beijing: Encyclopaedia of China Publishing House 北京：中国大百科全书出版社.
Third World Water Forum, 16–23 March 2003, Kyoto, Shiga and Osaka, Japan, theme ‘Water and Cultural Diversity’, Statement to the Ministerial Conference, 2003.
Tilt, B. (2014). Dams and development in China: The moral economy of water and power. Columbia University Press.
Tjallingii, S. (1996). Ecological Conditions: Strategies and Structures in Environmental Planning, Wagenin¬gen: Instituut voor Bos- en Natuuronderzoek.
Tsin, M. Canton remapped. In Esherick, J. (Eds.). (2002). Remaking the Chinese city: Modernity and national identity, 1900 to 1950. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 19-29.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2011). The costs and benefits of adaptation options – an overview of approaches.
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) (2005). 2005 World Summit Outcome, Resolution A/60/1, adopted by the General Assembly on 15 September 2005.
V&W. 1998. Vierde nota Waterhuishouding (Fourth National Policy Memorandum on Water Management). The Hague: Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management.
van de Ven, G. P. (1996). Man-made lowlands: history of water management and land reclamation in the Neth¬erlands. Uitgeverij Matrijs.
van der Brugge, R., Rotmans, J., & Loorbach, D. (2005). The transition in Dutch water management. Regional Environmental Change, 5(4), 164-176.
van der Ham, W. (2002). De Historie. In: van Buuren, van Drimmelen, C., & Iedema, W. (Eds.) Rapport Water¬Landschappen. De cultuurhistorie van de toekomst als opgave voor het waterbeheer. Lelystad: Ministerie V&W, RIZA.
van Dorst, M. (2011). Liveability, in van Bueren E. et al. (Eds.) Sustainable Urban Environments - an ecosystem approach. New York/Heidelberg: Springer, 223-241.
van Dyke, P. A. (2005). The Canton trade: Life and enterprise on the China coast, 1700-1845 (Vol. 1). Hong Kong University Press.
van Dyke, P. A., & Mok, M. K. W. (2015). Images of the Canton factories 1760-1822: Reading history in art. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
van Leeuwen, C. & van Buuren, M.W. (2013). Connecting time spans in regional water governance: Managing projects as stepping-stones to a climate proof delta region, in: Edelenbos, J., Bressers, N. & Scholten, P. (Eds.) Water governance as connective capacity, 191-210.
van Schaick, J. & Klaasen, I. (2011). The Dutch layers approach to spatial planning and design: a fruitful plan¬ning tool or a temporary phenomenon?, European Planning Studies, 19(10), 1775-1796.
van Veelen, P. C. (2016). Adaptive planning for resilient coastal waterfronts. Doctoral dissertation of Delft Uni¬versity of Technology, A+ BE, 19.
van Veen, J. (1950). Dredge, drain, reclaim: the art of a nation. The Hague: Martinus Nihjoff.
Vandell, K. & Lane, J. (1989). The economics of architecture and urban design: some preliminary findings. Jour¬nal of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, 17(2), 235-260.
Venturi, R., Brown, D.S., & Izenour, S. (1972). Learning from Las Vegas (Vol. 102). Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
Verhage, R. & Needham, B. (1997). Negotiating about the residential environment: it is not only money that matters. Urban Studies, 34(12), 2053-2086.
Vogel, E.F. (1989). One step ahead in China: Guangdong under reform. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Voogd, H. (1988). Multicriteria evaluation: measures, manipulation and meaning: a reply. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 15(1), 65-72.
Vossesstein, J. (2014). The Dutch and their delta: living below sea level. XPat Scriptum Publishers.
VROM, (2001). Netherlands Fifth National Policy Document on Spatial Planning 2000-2020, approved by government subject to parliamentary ratification in January 2001.
Vuchic, V.R. (1999). Transportation for livable cities. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center for Urban Policy Re¬search.
Walker, B., & Salt, D. (2012). Resilience thinking: sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world. Island Press.
Walsh, C.J. (2000). Urban impacts on the ecology of receiving waters: a framework for assessment, conservation and restoration. Hydrobiologia, 431(2), 107-114.
Wang, C. (2013). Between flexibility and reliability - changing planning culture in China. Doctoral dissertation of Delft University of Technology.
Wang, D. 汪德华. (2002). Mountains and waters culture with city planning in China 中国山水文化与城市规划. Nanjing: Southeast University Press 南京：东南大学出版社.
Wang, S. 王世福. (2007). Seeking a path to livable city under multi-value coordination 探寻多元价值协调的城市宜居之路. Planners 规划师, 3(23), 19-22.
Wang, Y., Dong, W., & Boelens, L. (2018). The interaction of city and water in the Yangtze River Delta, a natural/artificial comparison with Euro Delta. Sustainability, 10(109), 1-20.
Water by Design (2009). Concept design guidelines for water sensitive urban design, version 1, South East Queensland Healthy Waterways Partnership, Brisbane.
Weng, Q. (2000). Human–environment interactions in agricultural land use in a South China’s wetland region: a study on the Pearl River Delta in the Holocene. GeoJournal, 51, 191-202.
Weng, Q. (2007). A historical perspective of river basin management in the Pearl River Delta of China. Journal of Environmental Management, 85, 1048-1062.
Wheater, H., & Evans, E. (2009). Land use, water management and future flood risk. Land use policy, 26, S251-S264.
Whelans, C., Maunsell, H.G., & Thompson, P., (1994). Planning and management guidelines for water sensitive urban (residential) design. Perth, Western Australia: Department of Planning and Urban Development of Western Australia.
Whitehand, J.W.R. (2001). British urban morphology: the Conzenion tradition. Urban Morphology, 5(2), 103-109.
Whitehand, J.W.R., & Gu, K. (2006). Research on Chinese urban form: retrospect and prospect. Progress in Human Geography, 30(3), 337-355.
Williams, R.M. (1968). Values. In E. Sills (Ed.), International encyclopaedia of the social sciences. New York: Macmillan.
WMO/GWP. (2007a). Associated programme on flood management ‘environmental aspects of integrated flood management.’
WMO/GWP. (2007b). The role of land use planning in flood management - a tool for integrated flood manage¬ment. WMO/GWP Associated Program on Flood Management.
Wong, S.W., & Tang, B.S. (2005). Challenges to the sustainability of ‘development zones’: A case study of Guangzhou Development District, China. Cities, 22(4), 303-316.
Wong, T.H.F. (2006). Water sensitive urban design - the journey thus far. Australian Journal of Water Resourc¬es, 10(3), 213-222.
Wong, T.H.F., & Brown, R.R. (2008). Transitioning to water sensitive cities: ensuring resilience through a new hydro-social contract. In 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage. September. Edinburgh.
Wong, T.H.F., & Brown, R.R. (2009). The water sensitive city: principles for practice. Water Science and Technol¬ogy, 60(3), 673-682.
Wood, R., & Handley, J. (1999). Urban waterfront regeneration in the Mersey Basin, North West England. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 42(4), 565-580.
Woodward, R.T., & Wui, Y.S. (2001). The economic value of wetland services: a meta-analysis. Ecological eco¬nomics, 37(2), 257-270.
World Bank (2010). Word Development Report 2010: Development and Climate Change. World Bank, Washing¬ton, DC, USA.
World Bank (2015). East Asia’s changing urban landscape: measuring a decade of spatial growth. Urban Devel¬opment Series. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
World Bank and Development Research Center of the State Council. (2013). China 2030: Building a modern, harmonious, and creative society. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wu, F. (2015a). Planning for growth: Urban and regional planning in China. Routledge.
Wu, F., & Yeh, A.G.O. (1997). Changing spatial distribution and determinants of land development in Chinese cities in the transition from a centrally planned economy to a socialist market economy: a case study of Guangzhou. Urban studies, 34(11), 1851-1879.
Wu, F., & Yeh, A.G.O. (1999). Urban spatial structure in a transitional economy: the case of Guangzhou, Chi¬na. Journal of the American Planning Association, 65(4), 377-394.
Wu, J. 吴娇. (2015b). Technology utilization for water resources in Guangzhou Haizhu eco-city. 广州市海珠生态城水资源综合利用技术研究. South Architecture 南方建筑, (5), 75-82.
Wu, J. 吴建新. (2012). Agriculture and water management of Guangdong in the republican era 民国时期广东的农田水利事业. Ancient and Modern Agriculture古今农业, (2), 87-99.
Wu, Q. 吴庆洲 _(1995). Research on flood defence of Chinese ancient cities 中国古城防洪研究. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press 北京：中国建筑工业出版社.
Xian, J., & Wang, L. 冼剑民 _& 王丽娃 _(2005). Land Reclamation and Changes of Ecological Environment of the Pearl River Delta in the Ming and Qing dynasties 明清珠江三角洲的围海造田与生态环境的变迁. Academic Forum 学术论坛, 2005 (1).
Xie, Y., & Costa, F.J. (1993). Urban planning in socialist China: Theory and practice. Cities, 10(2), 103-114.
Xu, J., & Ng, M.K. (1998). Socialist urban planning in transition: the case of Guangzhou, China. Third World Planning Review, 20(1), 35-51.
Xu, J., & Yeh, A.G. (2003). Guangzhou. Cities, 20(5), 361-374.
Xu, Z. 许自力 _(2009). The River System Landscape and Structural Problems of the Pearl River Delta 珠江三角洲流域水系景观特征及结构性问题. Chinese Landscape Architecture 中国园林, 25(4), 54-58.
Yan, Z. (Ed.) 严中平等编 _(2012). Selected Works of Chinese Modern Economic History中国近代经济史统计资料选辑. China Social Sciences Press 中国社会科学出版社, 4-5.
Yang, J., & Luo, C. 杨建强 _& 罗超. (2008). Reservation and redevelopment of the wharf area in the rear channel of the Pearl River in Guangzhou 广州珠江后航道洋行码头仓库区的保护与再发展. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Chinese Urban Planning, Dalian, China 2008中国城市规划年会论文集，中国大连, 19-21 September 2008.
Yang, Y. 杨颖宇. (2002). The long dike construction and its relation with urban development of Guangzhou 近代广州长堤的兴筑与广州城市发展的关系. Guangdong Chronicle 广东史志, (4), 12-17.
Yin, R. (1994). Case study research: design and methods (2nd ed.), Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publishing.
Yu, K., Li, D., Yuan, H., Fu, W., Qiao, Q., & Wang, S. 俞孔坚, 李迪华, 袁弘, 傅微, 乔青, & 王思思. (2015). Theories and practices of the sponge city. “海绵城市” 理论与实践. City Planning Review. 城市规划, (6), 26-36.
Zeng, S., & Yang, S. 曾少卓 _& 杨仕华. (1996). Historical flooding and flood protection in the western area of Guangzhou. 广州市西区的历史水患与防洪现状. Guangdong Hydropower and Technology 广东水电科技, (1), 14-18.
Zeng, X., & Liang, G. (2006). 曾新 _& 梁国昭. Wetlands in ancient Guangzhou and their functions 广州古城的湿地及其功能. Tropical Geography 热带地理, 26(1), 91-96.
Zeng, Z. 曾昭璇. (1991). History and geography of Guangzhou 广州历史地理. Guangzhou: Guangdong People’s Publishing House 广州：广东人民出版社.
Zeng, Z., & Huang, S. 曾昭璇 _& 黄少敏 _(1987). A research on historical geomorphology of the Pearl River Delta 珠江三角洲历史地貌学研究. Guangzhou: Guangdong Higher Education Press 广州：广东高等教育出版社.
Zevenbergen, C., Rijke, J., van Herk, S., & Bloemen, P.J.T.M. (2015). Room for the River: a stepping stone in Adaptive Delta Management. International Journal of Water Governance, 3, 121-140.
Zhang, F., & Le, Z. et al. (Eds.) 张富强, 乐正等编. (1993). Guangzhou modernisation process – Decennial Reports on the Canton Customs (1882-1941) 广州现代化的历程 _- 粤海关十年报告 _(1882-1941年) 译编 _Guangzhou Publishing House 广州出版社.
Zhang, H., Wu, M., & Shen, Xu. 张环宙, 吴茂英, & 沈旭炜 _(2013). Urban waterfront RBD development: centred with lifestyle. 城市滨水 _RBD 开发研究: 让滨水回归生活. Economic Geography. 经济地理33(6), 73-78.
Zhang, J. (2009). A vulnerability assessment of storm surge in Guangdong Province, China. Human and Ecologi¬cal Risk Assessment, 15(4), 671-688.
Zhang, Q., & Zhang, X. (1995). Water issues and sustainable social development in China. Water Internation¬al, 20(3), 122-128.
Zhang, T., Feng, H., & Peng, Z. 张庭伟，冯晖，彭治权 _(2001). Design and development of waterfront areas 城市滨水区设计与开发. Shanghai: Tongji University Press. 上海：同济大学出版社.
Zhang, X. (1997). Urban land reform in China. Land Use Policy, 14(3), 187–199.
Zhang, Y. et al., 张永雪等. (2014). Evaluation on the value of wetland ecosystem services in Nansha 南沙湿地生态系统服务价值评估. Guangdong Agricultural Science 广东农业科学, 41(20), 154-158.
Zhang, Y. 张一平 _(1998). Urbanisation and urban water environment 城市化与城市水环境. Urban Environment and Urban Ecology 城市环境与城市生态, 11(2), 20-22.
Zhang, Z. 张之洞. (1898). Exhortation to study 劝学篇.
Zheng, Z. 郑振纮. (1987). Lose where the sun rises and gain where the sun sets – Review on the site selection of the China Hotel and the White Swan Hotel. 得之桑榆，失之东隅 _- 评中国大酒店和白天鹅宾馆的选址. Ar¬chitectural Journal 建筑学报, 11, 74-75.
Zhou, A., & Xiao, J. (Eds.). (2003). The First Historical Archives of China, Guangzhou Municipal Archives Bureau and People’s Government of Guangzhou Yuexiu District 中国第一历史档案馆，广州市档案局，广州市越秀区人民政府. Selected historical maps of Guangzhou 广州历史地图精粹. Beijing: Encyclopaedia of China Publishing House 北京：中国大百科全书出版社.
Zhou, C., Bian, Y., Zhang, G., & Hu, J. 周春山, 边艳, 张国俊, 胡锦灿 _(2016). Spatial differentiation and the forma¬tion mechanism of the middle class areas in Guangzhou广州市中产阶层聚居区空间分异及形成机制. Acta Geographica Sinica 地理学报, 71(12), 2089- 2102.
Zhou, X. 周霞 _(2005). Urban Transformations of Guangzhou 广州城市形态演进. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press 北京：中国建筑工业出版社.
Zhu, X. 朱晓秋. (2002). The formation of the central axis of Guangzhou in modern times 近代广州城市中轴线的形成. Guangdong Chronicle 广东史志, (1), 31-33.
Zhu, Y. (2006). The transformation of traditional Chinese guilds in modern times. Frontiers of History in Chi¬na, 1(2), 292-306.
Zou, B. 邹兵. (2013). Incremental planning, inventory planning and policy planning. 增量规划、存量规划与政策规划. City Planning Review. 城市规划. (2), 35-37.
Zou, D. 邹东. (2012). Research on Guangzhou’s urban planning and construction in the republican period 民国时期广州城市规划建设研究. Doctoral dissertation of South China University of Technology 华南理工大学博士论文.
Zuo, Q. 左其亭 _(2013). Discussions on key issues of water ecological civilisation development 水生态文明建设几个关键问题探讨. China Water Resources 中国水利, (4), 1-3.
