Acoustically effective façades
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7480/abe.2018.16.2447Keywords:
design strategy, acoustic research, urban surfaces, scaled acoustic measurementsAbstract
The silhouettes of the great European metropolises are characterised by a high density of high-rise facades made of glass, metal or stone. On one hand this density stands for economic power and good employment values. On the other hand, the large sound-reflecting surfaces in the cities are responsible for an increase in sound pollution in their vicinity. They cause the most frequent inner-city sound source, traffic noise, to double in perceived intensity. Direct sound and reflected sound add up in the urban environment. This effect of sound level increase through reflection has been subject of acoustic research for some time. In architecture, however, the topic of noise reflection has been completely neglected. But it is exactly these concentration processes in the continuously growing metropolises that make architects face problems that they cannot solve with their own tools alone. For example, placing bedrooms in the quiet part of a building is only possible if there are quiet areas. But highly concentrated areas as a result of creating additional living space are often surrounded by 4 or more sound sources. Hereby, the noise originating from air traffic further aggravates the situation because this type of noise generally impacts the urban space from above. These developments require us to discuss the topic of the reflective properties of facades within the disciplines acoustics and architecture. The fundamental question was:
Is it possible to develop a design strategy that can be employed by architecture firms, and that enables them to develop facades for a quieter city in challenging urban situations?
References
Alexico Group, (2016) global-landmark Information on the tribeca tower retrieved last from: http://56leonardtribeca.com/global-landmark/, at 171112, 23:56
Audacityteam, (2014) Audacity, retrieved from http://www.audacityteam.org
Babisch, W., Pershagen, G., Selander, J., Houthuijs, D., Breugelmans, O., Cadum, E., Vigna-Taglianti, F., Katsouyanni, K., Haralabidis, A. S., Dimakopoulou, K., Sourtzi, P., Floud, S., & Hansell, A., (2013) Noise annoyance--a modifier of the association between noise level and cardiovascular health? Science of the Total Environment 452–453, 50–57
Babisch, W., & van Kamp, I., (2009) Exposure–response relationship of the association between aircraft noise and the risk of hypertension, Noise & Health, 11(44),161–168.
Biermann, W., Beckmann, T., Wech, L., & Meier R., (2004) Analyse des Reifenabrollgeräuschs mit einem Messfahrzeug, ATZ 6 106, 564
Bullen, R., & Fricke, F., (1976) Sound propagation in a street, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 46, Issue 1, 33-42
C. Steele, (2001) A critical review of some traffic noise prediction models, Applied Acoustics, Volume 62, Issue 3, 271–287
Can, A., Leclercq, L., Lelong, J., & Botteldooren, D., (2010) Traffic noise spectrum analysis: Dynamic modeling vs. experimental observations, Applied Acoustics 71, 764–770
Can, A., Leclercq, L., Lelong, J., & Defrance, J., (2008) Capturing urban traffic noise dynamics through relevant descriptors, Applied Acoustics, Volume 69, Issue 12, 1270–1280
Cheng, W. F., & Ng, C. F., (2001) The acoustic performance of an inclined barrier for high-rise residents, J. Sound Vib. 242, 295–308
Cobo, P., Fernandez, A., Palacios, R., de la Colina, C., & Siguero, M., (2004) In situ measurement of antinoise devices using pre-determined pulse waveforms, acoustica 2004, retrieved from: http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/8591/1/ID22.PDF , 15-02-23, 14:47
Conter, M., & Wehr, R., (2015) Forschungsprojekt REFLEX – Vergleich der Schallabsorptionsmessung von Lärmschutzwänden nach Hallraum- und in-situ-Verfahren, Fortschritte der Akustik - DAGA 2015, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Akustik e.V. (DEGA), Berlin
Cremer, L., (1971) Vorlesungen über Technische Akustik, Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg: New York
de Ruiter, A., (2004) Reclaiming land from urban traffic noise impact zones, TU Delft
Deutscher Fluglärmdienst e.V, (2013) http://www.dfld.de“ provided from „Deutscher Fluglärmdienst e.V“
Echevarria Sanchez, G. M., Van Renterghem, T., Thomas, P., & Botteldooren, D., (2016) The effect of street canyon design on traffic noise exposure along roads, Building and Environment 97,96-110
Eikmann, T., zur Nieden, A., Lengler, A., Harpel, S., Ziedorn, D., Bürger, M., Pons-Kühnemann, J., Römer, K., Hudel, H., & Spilski, J. (2015). Norah Knowledge-11, NORAH Noise Impact Study Blood Pressure Study: Effects of aircraft noise on blood pressure In Gemeinnützige Umwelthaus gGmbH (Ed.), retrieved last from http://www.laermstudie.de/fileadmin/files/Laermstudie/NORAH_Knowledge-11.pdf, 170618_11:50
European Committee for Standardization, (2011), Din-en-1090-2 retrieved from https://www.beuth.de/de/norm/din-en-1090-2/144095591, at 170806,16:55
European Environmental Agency, (2014) EEA 10-2014 Noise in Europe 2014, last retrieved from http://www.bahnlaerm-mittelrhein.de/downloads/EEA 2010-2014 Noise in Europe 2014.pdf, 170618_12:39
Federal Motor Transport Authority, (2017), Jahresbilanz, Statistical data last retrieved from: http://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Bestand/b_jahresbilanz.html, 170618, 14:07
Galaitsis, A. G., & Patterson, W. N., (1976) Prediction of noise distribution in various enclosures from free field measurements, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 848
Gemeinnützige Umwelthaus GmbH, (2014) http://inaa.umwelthaus.org from „Gemeinnützige Umwelthaus Gmbh“
Guillaume, G., Gauvreau, B., & L‘Hermite, P., (2015) Numerical study of the impact of vegetation coverings on sound levels and time decays in a canyon street model, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 502, 22-30
Heutschi, K., (1995) A simple method to evaluate the increase of traffic noise emission level due to buildings for a long straight street, Appl Acoust, 44, 259–274
Heutschi, K., (2003) Parameter Study of the Insertion Loss Reduction in Case of a Building Façade Parallel to a Noise Barrier, Acta Acustica united with Acustica 89, Issue 5, 908-912
Hornikx, M., & Forssén, J., (2009) Noise abatement schemes for shielded canyons, Applied Acoustics 70 267–283
Hornikx, M., & Forssén, J.,(2007) Improving the shielding of road traffic noise in courtyards: Absorption treatments, INTER-NOISE 2007; Istanbul; Turkey;
Hornikx, M., & Forssén, J.,(2008) A Scale Model Study of Parallel Urban Canyons, Acta Acustica United with Acustica Vol. 94, 265 – 281
Horoshenkov, K. V., Hothersall, D. C., & Mercy, S. E., Scale Modelling of Sound Propagation in a City Street Canyon, Journal of Sound and Vibration 223 Issue 5, 795-819
Hossam El Dien H., & Woloszyn, P., (2004) Prediction of the sound field into high-rise building façades due to its balcony ceiling form, Applied Acoustics 65, 431–440
Hossam El Dien, H., & Woloszyn, P., (2005) The acoustical influence of balcony depth and parapet form: experiments and simulations, Applied Acoustics, Volume 66, Issue 5, 533–551“
Hothersall, D. C., Horoshenkov, K. V., & Mercy, S. E., (1996) Numerical modelling of the sound field near a tall building with balconies near a road, Journal of Sound and Vibration 198 Issue 4, 507-515
https://www.flightradar24.com/50.12,8.68/7, last retrieved 170804, 10:39
International Electrotechnical Commission, (2002) IEC 60651, IEC 60804, IEC 61672, Geneva
Ismail M., & Oldham, D., (2003)The effect of the scattering of sound from building facades on urban noise propagation, Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Pages 1445-1452,
Ismail, M. R., & Oldham, D. J., (2005) A scale model investigation of sound reflection from building façades, Applied Acoustics 66, 123–147
Picaut, J., & Simon, L., (2001) A scale model experiment for the study of sound propagation in urban areas, Applied Acoustics 62, 327-340
Jeon, J.Y., Lee, S.C., & Vorländer, M., (2004) Development of scattering surfaces for concert halls, Appl Acoust, 65, 341–355
Jang, H. S., Kim, H.J., & Jeon, J.Y., (2015) Scale-model method for measuring noise reduction in residential buildings by vegetation, Building and Environment, Volume 86, 81-88
Kang J., (2000) Sound propagation in street canyons: Comparison between diffusely and geometrically reflecting boundaries, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 107, 1394
Lee K. P., & Davies, H. G., (1976) Nomogram for estimating noise propagation in urban areas, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Volume 57, Issue 6, 1477-1480
Li, K.M. , Lui, W.K., Lau, K.K., & Chan, K.S., (2003) A simple formula for evaluating the acoustic effect of balconies in protecting dwellings against road traffic noise, Applied Acoustics, Volume 64, Issue 7, 633-764
Kinney, W. A., & Pierce, A.D., (1973) Helicopter Noise Experiments in an Urban Environment, Interim Report, Dept.Transportation, Contract DOT-TSC-93, MIT
Kirkpatrick Alberts II, W. C., & Noble, J. M., Coleman, M. A., (2008) Sound propagation in the vicinity of an isolated building: An experimental investigation, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 124, 733
Klatte, M., Bergström, K., Spilski, J., Mayer, J., & Meis, M. (2014) NORAH Knowledge No. 4 NORAH Noise Impact Study Child Study: Impact of aircraft noise on childrenIn Gemeinnützige Umwelthaus GmbH (Hg.), retrieved last from http://www.laermstudie.de/fileadmin/files/Laermstudie/NORAH_Knowledge_4.pdf, 170818_11:55
Klein, T., (2013) Integral façade construction, TU Delft
Ko, N.W.M., (1978) Traffic noise in a high-rise city, Applied Acoustics, Volume 11, Issue 3, 225-239
Kronlachner M., (2014) joconvolver, downloaded from http://www.matthiaskronlachner.com/?p=1515
Kropp, W., & Bérillon, J., A (1998) Theoretical Model to Investigate the Acoustic Performance of Building Façades in the Low and Middle Frequency Range, Acustica 84(4):681-688
Lee P. J., Kim Y. H., Jeon J. Y., & Song K. D., (2007) Effects of apartment building façade and balcony design on the reduction of exterior noise, Building and Environment, Volume 42, Issue 10, 3517–3528
Lia K. M., & Tang S. H., (2003) The predicted barrier effects in the proximity of tall buildings, Acoustical Society of America 114 Issue 2.
Licitra, G., Van den berg, M., & De Vos, P., (2014) Good practice on quiet areas, EEA Technical Report, No 4/2014, European Envirinment Agency, last retrieved from: https://wwweea.europa.eu/publications/good-practice-guide-on-quiet-areas
Lu, K. K., & Li, K. M., (2002) The propagation of sound in narrow street canyons, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 112, 537
Lugten, M., (2014) re-sil(i)ence, design patterns for an aircraft noise abating spatial environment, TU Delft
Lyon, R. H., (1974) Role of multiple reflections and reverberation in urban noise propagation, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 493–503
Lyon, R. H., Pande, L., & Kinney, W, A., (1971) Modeling of V/STOL noise in city streets, Washington, D.C. : Dept. of Transportation, Office of Noise Abatement
M.Jäschke, (2014) aktualisierte_Zusammenfassung, last retrieved from http://ruhige-gebiete.de/downloads/Dissertation_MARTIN_JAESCHKE_aktualisierte_Zusammenfassung_050814.pdf, at 170806, 23:09
Martin Schiff, M., Hornikx, & M., Forssén, J., (2010) Excess attenuation for sound propagation over an urban canyon, Applied Acoustics, Volume 71, Issue 6, 510–517
May, D. N., (1979) Freeway noise and high-rise balconies, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 65, 699
Memoli, G., Kephalopoulos, S., Paviotti, M., & Licitra, G., (2006) Effect on measured noise levels of the microphone position in front of a façade, INTER-NOISE 2006, Volume 8, 5136-5145
Mohsen, E. A., & Oldham, D.J., (1977) Traffic noise reduction due to the screening effect of balconies on a building façade, Applied Acoustics, Volume 10, Issue 4, 243–257
Moleron, M., Felix, S., Pagneux, V., & Richoux, O., (2014) Low frequency acoustic resonances in urban courtyard, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 135, 74
Myck, T., (2015). Die Lärmsituation in Deutschland nach der Umgebungslärmrichtlinie (conference contribution). Retrieved from https://www.dega-akustik.de/fileadmin/dega akustik.de/DEGA/aktuelles/symposium/9_symp_myck.pdf, p 15
Nabielek, K. et al. (2016), Cities in Europe, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague. ,
Nijs, L., (1977) The prediction of traffic noise levels with the aid of a scale model, Institute for town planning research, group of acoustics, Delft University of Technology, Delft
Nijs, L., & Kranendonk, F.(1979), Akoestisch optimaleoriëntering van bouwmassa’s nabij verkeerswegen TU Delft
Nocke, C., (2000) In-situ Messung der akustischen (Wand-)Impedanz, Shaker-Verlag, Aachen
Ögren, M., & Kropp, W., (2004) Road traffic noise propagation between two dimensional city canyons using an equivalent source approach, Acta Acust. Acust. 90, 293–300
Picaut, J., Schmich, I., Defrance, J., Woloszyn, P., Barlet, A., & Chartier, F., (2006) Effects of diffuse reflection by building façades on the sound propagation and soundscapes in urban areas, EURONOISE 2006 - The 6th European Conference on Noise Control: Advanced Solutions for Noise Control 2006,
Picaut, J., & Simon, L., (2001) A scale model experiment for the study of sound propagation in urban areas, Applied Acoustics, Volume 62, Issue 3, 327–340
Picaut, J.; & Scouarnec, D., (2009) Using Acoustic Diffusors to Reduce Noise in Urban Areas, Acta Acustica united with Acustica, Volume 95, Number 4, 653-668
Pieren R., & Heutschi K., (2015) Predicting sound absorption coefficients of lightweight multilayer curtains using the equivalent circuit method, Applied Acoustics 92, 27–41
Pigeon S., (2014) Sine sweep generator: audiocheck.net, last retrieved from https://www.audiocheck.net/audiofrequencysignalgenerator_sweep.php at 150915; 14:20
Probst, W. , & Probst, F., (2012) Reflected sound in street canyons - Diffuse or specular?, retrieved from http://www.datakustik.com/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Papers/310_Reflected_Sound_in_Street_Canyons.pdf at 2017-03-15, 11:32
Probst, W., (2013) Straßenlärm bei dichter Randbebauung, Untersuchungen zur reflexionsbedingten Pegelerhöhung. Wirtschaftsverl. NW, Verl. für Neue Wiss., Bremerhaven,
Quirt, J.D., (1985) Sound fields near exterior building surfaces, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Volume 77, Issue 2, 557-566
Rayleigh, J.W.S., (1915) The principle of similitude, Nature 95, No.2368
Schreckenberg, D., Faulbaum, F., Guski, R., Ninke, L., Peschel, C., Spilski, J. & Wothge, J. (2015). Mental quality of life, norah studie, in Gemeinnützige Umwelthaus GmbH (Hg.) retrieved last from http://www.laermstudie.de/en/results/results-of-the-quality-of-life-study/noise-related-annoyance-and-quality-of-life-over-time/, 170806, 9:00
Schröder, E., (1973) Nachhall in geschlossenen bebauten Strassen, Lärmbekampfung 17, Springer Verlag, Düsseldorf
Schuring, D., J., (1977) Scale models in engineering, Pergamon Press, Oxford
Shaw, E. A. G., & Olson, N., (1972) Theory of Steady – State Urban Noise for an Ideal Homogeneous City, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 51, 1781
Smyrnova, Y., Kang, J., Hornikx, M., & Forssén, J., (2012) Effect of Vegetation of noise propagation in streets and squares, Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, Vol. 34. Pt.1.
Spandöck, F., (1932) Experimentelle Untersuchung der akustischen Eigenschaften von Baustoffen durch die Kurztonmethode, retrieved from: http://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/jportal_derivate_00154973/19344120307_ftp.pdf, 15-02-23, 15:00
Steenackers, P., Myncke, H., & Cops, A., (1978) Reverberation in town streets, Acustica Volume 40, Issue 2,115-119
Tang S. H., & Li K. M. , (2001) The prediction of façade effects from a point source above an impedance ground, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, 278
Tang, S.K. , & Piippo, K.E., (2011) Sound fields inside street canyons with inclined flanking building façades, Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Volume 12, Article number 040004, 7p, 161st Meeting Acoustical Society of America 2011
Tang, S.K., (2010) Scale model study of balcony insertion losses on a building façade with non-parallel line sources, Applied Acoustics, Volume 71, Issue 10, 947–954
Technical comittee ISO/TC43/ SC Noise, (2014) ISO 12913-1:2014(E), Acoustics - Soundscape, Definition and conceptual framework, Genevie
The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, (2002), European Noise Directive, Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002, The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, Official Journal L 189, 18/07/2002 P. 0012 - 0026,
Van Renterghem T., (2014) Guidelines for optimizing road traffic noise shielding by non-deep tree belts, Ecological Engineering 69, 276–286
Van Renterghem T., Attenborough K., Maennel M., Defrance J., Horoshenkov K, Kang J., Bashir I., Taherzadeh S., Altreuter B., & Khan A. (2014) Measured light vehicle noise reduction by hedges, Applied Acoustics 78 19–27
Van Renterghem, T., & Botteldooren, D., (2008) Numerical evaluation of sound propagating over green roofs, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 317, Issues 3–5, 781–799
Van Renterghem, T., & Botteldooren, D., (2009) Reducing the acoustical façade load from road traffic with green roofs, Building and Environment, Volume 44, Issue 5, 1081–1087
Van Renterghem, T., & Botteldooren, D., (2010) The importance of roof shape for road traffic noise shielding in the urban environment, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 329, Issue 9,Pages 1422-1434
Van Renterghem, T., & Botteldooren, D., (2011) In-situ measurements of sound propagating over extensive green roofs, Building and Environment, Volume 46, Issue 3, 729–738
Van Renterghem, T., Forssén, J., Attenborough, K., Jean, P., Defrance, J., Hornikx, M., & Kang, J., (2015) Using natural means to reduce surface transport noise during propagation outdoors, Applied Acoustics 92, 86–101
Van Renterghem, T., Salomons, E., & Botteldooren, D., (2006) Parameter study of sound propagation between city canyons with a coupled FDTD-PE model, Applied Acoustics, Volume 67, Issue 6, 487–510
Walerian, E., & Janczur, R., (1998) Noise shielding in an urban system, Journal of Sound and Vibration 212(2), 187–214
Walerian, E., & Janczur, R., Czechowicz, M., (2001) Sound level forecasting for city-centers. Part 1: sound level due to a road within an urban canyon, Applied Acoustics 62, 359-380
Walerian, E., Janczur, R., & Czechowicz, M., (2001) Sound levels forecasting for city-centers Part III: a road lane structure infuence on sound level within urban canyon, Applied Acoustics 62, 493-512
Walerian, E., Janczur, R., & Czechowicz, M., (2001) Sound levels forecasting for city-centers Part IV. Vehicles stream parameters influence on sound level distribution within a canyon street, Applied Acoustics 62, 645-664
Wang B., & Kang J., (2011) Effects of urban morphology on the traffic noise distribution through noise mapping: A comparative study between UK and China, Applied Acoustics 72 556–568
Wang, B., Kang, J., & Zhou, J., (2008) Comparison of traffic noise distribution between high and low density cities, Proceedings of the 36th international congress on noise control engineering, Shanghai, China
WHO, (2011) Burden of disease, last retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/136466/e94888.pdf, 140311, 11:32
Wiener, F. M., Malme, C. I., & Gogos, C. M., (1965) Sound Propagation in Urban Areas, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37, 738
Wong N.H.,Tan A. Y. K., Tan P. Y., Chiang K., & Wong N. C., (2010) Acoustics evaluation of vertical greenery systems for building walls, Building and Environment, Volume 45, Issue 2, Pages 411-420,
Wutzke M., (2017), Information on projected Highrises retrieved last from: https://www.skylineatlas.de/portfolio_type/geplant/ at 170618_16:03
