Public Housing of Early Modern Tianjin (1928-1937)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7480/iphs.2016.1.1196Abstract
Societal reform, the planning and construction of public housing and the introduction of new building typologies went hand in hand in early modern China. Western and Japanese debates on public housing served as models, and Chinese scholars and professionals with the support of the KMT (Kuomintang) developed public housing as a sign of innovation both in terms of societal organization and building typology. Using the under-researched case of Tianjin’s public housing in the so-called Golden Decade (1928 -1937) as a case study, the paper first explores how journals and foreign trained Chinese scholars introduced the concept of modern housing to China through publications, and early constructions. Notably the YMCA Labours Model New Village in Shanghai impressed the KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek. It then explores three public housing projects developed for Tianjin, only one of which was realized. Exploring the locations, architectural designs, renting regulations and management rules of these projects, the paper argues that these projects (both planned and realized) aimed mostly at poor families, and served as a means to solve housing problems and reform society as well as to police the poor. The public housing projects in this period formed the foundation for later public housing in China.References
“A Meeting About the Construction of the Poor’s Residential Area in the Social Affairs Bereau (社会局昨开会讨论建筑贫民住宅区).” Ta Kung Pao(大公报), March 19, 1930.
“A New Village Will Be Set Up in Paidi Area(排地建设新村).” Social Welfare (天津益世报)，July 17, 1929.
“Benefit the Poor (惠及穷黎).” Ta Kung Pao(大公报), Semptember 25, 1930.
Chung Man Tsui. “A History of Dispossession: Governmentality and the Politics of Property in Nanjing, 1927 – 1979.” PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2011.
Chung Man Tsui. “Regulating Urban Living: the Social and Spatial Segregation of Nanjing, 1927-1937.” Construction(营造) 5(2010), 240-272.
“Construction Plan of Paidi New Village (排地建设新村方案).” Social Welfare (天津益世报), Semptember 11, 1929.
Feng Wei. “The Poor and the Society (贫民与社会).” Shehuiyuekan (社会月刊), (1)1930: 80-82.
“Japan Will Spend 37,000,000 Yuan in Solving the Housing Problem of the Poor in Six Cities (日本将以工费三千七百万元解决六大都市之贫民住宅问题)” Falvlinglun (法律评论) 181(1926): 8-10.
“Five New Constuctions of Social Affairs Bureau of Tianjin Municipal Government (津社会局五项新建设).” Social Welfare (天津益世报), April 20, 1935.
Jian Hu. “Housing Problem and Co-operative Housing (房租问题与住宅协舍).” Dongfangzazhi (东方杂志) 21(1921): 4-6.
International Labour Office (ILO), Bureau of Social Affairs of Shanghai Municipal Government trans. The Housing Situation in the United States (美国住宅问题概观). Shanghai：Commercial Press, 1931.
Liang Sicheng, Zhangrui. City Plan for Tientsin (天津特别市物质建设方案). Tianjin: Peiyang Art Press, 1930.
Li Hong. “Study on Urban Housing Policy in Qingdao, 1929-1937.” Master diss., Ocean University of China， 2011.
Li Hui. “A Study of Bank Weekly (1925-1937).” Master Diss., Fudan University, 2011.
M. Thomas Tcho. “Cooperative Movements.” The English Student 11(1925): 367-374; M. Thomas Tcho. “The Urgent of Reform the Working Life in China (改造中国劳动生活之急切要图).” Qingnianjinbu (青年进步) 76(1924): 16-21.
M. Thomas Tcho. “The Inside of Working Problem and the Solution (劳动问题之里面及其解决方案).” Dongfangzazhi (东方杂志) 23(1926): 43-51.
Municipal Research Committee. “ Tianjin will Construct Poor’s Residence (津市将筹建贫民住宅).” Shizhengpinglun (市政评论), 3(1935);
“Population Statistics Over the Years in Guangzhou (广州历年人口数据).” New Guangzhou Monthly（新广州月刊） 3(1931): 76.
“Prosperous Urban Plan (繁荣市区计划).” Social Welfare (天津益世报), July 14, 1930.
Robin Heise. “Colonel Thomas Tchou.” Last modified August 23, 2012. http://ysheritage.org/colonel-thomas-tchou/.
“Shanghai Population Rose by Three Thousand Times in one hundred years（一百年来上海人口增三千倍）.” Real Estate Quarterly（房地产月刊） 2(1945): 96.
Sun Xiang. “Research on Residential Planning and Construction in Guangzhou During ROC Period”. PhD diss., South China University of Technology, 2011.
Sun Yat-sen. Dr. Sun Yat-Sen: his life and achievements. Shanghai: Shanghai Mercury, 1927.
Tao Haiyang. “On the Eastern Miscellany (1904-1948)—An Important Fountain of Modern Culture.” PhD diss., Nanjing University, 2013.
“The Army is Handling the Aftermath in Tianjin (天津正在办理各军善后).” Shen Bao (申报)，June 29, 1928.
“The Army of KMT Regained Tianjin Yesterday(国军昨日克复天津).” Shen Bao (申报)，June 13, 1928.
“The Construction of Labour Housing in America (美国劳工住房之大建造).” Shishixunkan (实事旬刊) 2(18)(1920): 58-59.
“The Director of Social Affairs Bureau Visited the Slum (冯社会局长亲查贫民窟).” Shehuiyuekan (社会月刊), (1)1930: 4.
“The Order from the Ministry of the Interior to Build Houses for the Civilian (内政部通令建筑平民住舍).” Shen Bao (申报), October 3, 1928.
“The Picture of the Slum (贫民窟之写真).” Social Welfare (天津益世报), March 18, 1930.
The Police Bureau of Tianjin Special Municipal Government. “Construction Submission of Paidi Area(排地建设意见书).” Gonganxunkan (公安旬刊), 11(1929): 19-22.
“The Poor’s Residence has Long Been Planed (计划已久之贫民住舍区).” Ta Kung Pao(大公报), Semptember 8, 1930.
“The Poor’s Residence was Finish (河东贫民区房舍已筑成).” Social Welfare (天津益世报), June 19, 1931.
Tianjin Municipal Archives. [401206800-J0131-1-000482].
“The Poor’s Residence Will be Constructed (贫民区行将建筑).” Ta Kung Pao(大公报), June 10, 1930.
“The Poor’s Residence Will be Firstly Construct in Dawangzhuang (市区贫民住宅决先在大王庄兴建).” Social Welfare (天津益世报), May 24, 1935.
“The Rental Rules of the Poor’s Residence (贫民栖舍出租章程).” Ta Kung Pao(大公报), July 4, 1931.
Tokyo Municipal Research Council, Liu Guanghua trans. Housing Policy in England (英国住宅政策). Shanghai：Huatong Press, 1929.
Xi Nong. “Housing Policy and Urban Planning of Britain (英国之住宅政策及都市计划).” Yinhangzhoubao (银行周报) 11(1921): 4-5.
Xi Nong. “Housing Shortage Around the World (世界之住宅荒).” Yinhangzhoubao (银行周报) 10(1921): 10-11.
Xing Jun. Baptized in the Fire of Revolution: The American Social Gospel and the YMCA in China, 1919-1937 (Series in Christianity in China). Bethlehem: Lehigh University Press, 1996.
Zhao Jin, Li Juan. “Construction of Affordable Housing in Modern Tianjin (1940-1942)(近代天津保障性住房建设).” Housing Security (住房保障) 02(2014): 72-80.
Zhang Shiguang. “Civilian Residential Construction of Shanghai (1928-1949).” Shanghai Normal University, 2012.
Zhang Mingqin. “Tenth Anniversary Speech of the YMCA Labours Model New Village in Shanghai (上海青年会浦东劳工新村十周年纪念感言).” Shanghaiqingnian(上海青年), (53)1935.
Zhou Junqi. The Social Life History of Tianjin in Republic of China(民国天津社会生活史). Tianjin: Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences Press, 2004.
Zhou Zuoren. “The Spirit of New Village (新村的精神).” Xinqingnian (新青年) 2(1920): 136-141.
