International Planning History Society Proceedings
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs
<p>The International Planning History Society (IPHS) is dedicated to the enhancement of interdisciplinary studies in urban and regional planning history worldwide.</p>en-USInternational Planning History Society Proceedings2468-6948Historic Landscape Conservation at the UNC in the early 21st century (2001-2010)
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6445
<p>Based on the two successive plans of the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill from 2001 to 2010, we review the conservation and planning philosophy of the five landmark landscapes in the master plan, and the historical context, content and aesthetic culture of the plans, with an emphasis on the objectives, principles, methods and implementation of the historic landscape plan. Since its foundation in 1795, the University of North Carolina has gone through five different phases of landscape planning and management, directed by a professor of natural philosophy, a historian, a botanist, a landscape architect and an architect. The spatial form of its campus plan reflects the great changes in the economic development of the United States over 200 years, reflecting the process of American campus construction during that period. It is argued that the guiding principles developed by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for the preservation of historic landscapes reflect the important role that human intervention and the power of restraint play in the preservation of landscape heritage.</p>Yuan SunMingyue Wang
Copyright (c) 2022 Yuan Sun, Mingyue Wang
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2022-09-292022-09-2919131110.7480/iphs.2022.1.6445Historic City protection vs. Resilient City transformation
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6510
<p class="Abstracttext"><span lang="EN-GB">The city of Skopje is a result of dialectical contradictions of diachronically different concepts of development and superimposed planning concepts of unfinished layers. The Old Bazaar represents one of the oldest urban fragments and shows a strong resilience and capacity to overcome numerous disastrous events. Unfortunately, due to the development constraints set by the preservation measures, and speculative building actions in the context, it is gradually but progressively losing its cultural identity and role as a creative socio-economic hub. Weak development policies and non-adaptive preservation regulations to changing environment and socio-economic development are urging actions to adopt new regeneration measures and appropriate approaches that could bring life into the valuable cultural heritage setting.</span></p> <p class="Abstracttext"><span lang="EN-GB">Existing patterns emerging from the unique uses and spatiality of the Old Bazaar, as an exclusive area of commercial use and traditional urban fabric of cultural heritage, have to be preserved, but simultaneously it is important to introduce novel tools for applied creative industries and adaptive re-use of the building heritage. All efforts of appropriation of the cultural heritage area of the Old Bazaar according to the new sustainable and equitable economic opportunities, should be carefully tested and implemented in the context, in order to avoid any socio-environmental decay. </span></p>Jasmina SiljanoskaElena Andonova
Copyright (c) 2022 Jasmina Siljanoska, Elena Andonova
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2022-09-292022-09-29191152710.7480/iphs.2022.1.6510A Theory-Based Approach to Urban Planning at the City Edge
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6502
<p class="Abstracttext"><span lang="EN-GB">Early urban plans in Japan, such as the Tokyo Park System, included wedge-shaped green belts that penetrated urban areas. The reasons for their establishment, however, were unclear. To explore the reasons behind them, focusing on the outskirts of cities is necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to focus on the green areas at the edge of urban areas to decipher the ideas of urban planning experts from that time and clarify the planning background behind these wedge-shaped green spaces. By keyword searches at the National Diet Library, thirty-nine documents on urban planning up to 1945 were selected. Subsequently, we analyzed them with a focus on the ideal city size and objectives of green spaces. As a result, many experts believed that cities should be developed in a planned manner. Furthermore, most experts understood green belts as a natural enclosure for the artificiality of the city, instead of a non-urban area to control the area of the city. From the above-mentioned results, it is believed that wedge-shaped green spaces emerged to satisfy the demands of the experts of the day, which were to ‘develop cities’, ‘prevent continuous urban areas’, and ‘bring cities and nature closer together’.</span></p>Junko SanadaTakaaki NakagawaShiho Kataoka
Copyright (c) 2022 Junko Sanada, Takaaki Nakagawa, Shiho Kataoka
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2022-09-292022-09-29191374910.7480/iphs.2022.1.6502From Soviet Pattern to Chinese Practice
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6471
<p>Because of post-war reconstruction, urban planning became the most important affair since the P.R.China founded. During the "First Five-Year Plan", “The Urban Planning of Eight Key New Industrial Cities” laying the foundation of China's modern urban planning, showed the process from drawing on Soviet planning experience to the theory of Chinese urban planning. Wuhan was one of them. The 1954 Master Plan as the first planning clarified the characteristics of a typical long-term plan, with the Soviet pattern’s far-reaching impact on it. This study takes the Wuhan 1954 Master Plan as the main research object, using the existing research results and historical documents introduced a series of activities around it, considering the relationship between the Soviet pattern and the Wuhan planning in the early days. The planning data in different periods are transformed into the database to analyze the space in GIS, shows the actual impact of the Soviet pattern under the implementation of the plan for 65 years, and examine its significance and value. The results can reflect the following influence of Wuhan City Master Plan in 1954. This study uses GIS to analyze historical data, and establish a verification relationship between planning and reality.</p>Han ZouJingke FanMingxing HuYue Xiong
Copyright (c) 2022 Han Zou, Jingke Fan, Mingxing Hu, Yue Xiong
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2022-09-292022-09-29191536610.7480/iphs.2022.1.6471A Study on the Spatial Structure of Jinan in the Qing Dynasty
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6480
<p>Taking Jinan as the research object, this paper attempts to construct the spatial structure of Jinan in the Qing dynasty through documentary research and historical map transfer. The study was conducted on the following three levels: macro, meso and micro. Specifically, in macro-level, the study attempted to construct the spatial structure by sorting out the natural environment and transport elements, Qing dynasty administrative divisions and urban functions within the city limits. In meso-level, the study focused on the interaction of mountain and river with urban siting and urban axes. In micro level, the study focused on the organisation of space within the city. The study found that the eight counties within the city limits of the Qing Dynasty were all centres of defence, political, economic, cultural, and educational functions, together forming a multi-centre network structure. Among the 8 counties, Licheng County was located between mountains and rivers, and used the natural elements to establish an effective defence system. The city formed five main axes with the mountains and rivers, creating a harmonious and close connection with the surrounding environment. Inside the city, the space was organised through lishe, forming a spatial structure with the north-south road as the skeleton. By establishing the spatial structure of the entire administrative region and its multiple layers, the study hopes to provide historical advice to current planning practice.</p>Tong MengfeiLi BaihaoLi Zhao
Copyright (c) 2022 Tong Mengfei, Li Baihao, Li Zhao
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2022-09-292022-09-29191687910.7480/iphs.2022.1.6480From ‘Imposition’ to ‘Borrowing’
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6444
<p>In China, western planning and urbanization ideas dominated the urban modernization discourse. Meanwhile, the two characteristics of international planning diffusion, namely 'Imposition' and 'Borrowing,' occurred. First, 'planning imposition,' that is, colonial planning was implanted, and foreign municipal progress filled the gap of the local place before 1945. Second, 'planning borrowing,' China takes the initiative to introduce the Soviet model in response to urbanization and modernization in the mid-20th century. Since the 1970s, the methodology of transnational comparative history has been applied to the study of planning history, including the driving forces, institutional mechanisms, and persistent effect of the interaction of planning communication between cities and regions. This paper sets Zhanjiang planning history as an example. It presents a prism to examine the influence of Western planning and Soviet planning on many Chinese cities in the 20th. This paper investigated the processes, agents, and impacts by drawing on 'international planning diffusion.'</p>Yi LiuBaihao LiBaihao Li
Copyright (c) 2022 Yi Liu, Baihao Li, Baihao Li
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2022-09-292022-09-29191819410.7480/iphs.2022.1.6444Industry and Pannonian City
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6441
<p class="Abstracttext"><span lang="EN-GB">Industrialisation and the related rise of a modern city in Eastern Europe have had very different development trajectories than those in Western Europe due to the changes of both political and economic systems. This can be seen on the example of the development of industry in six middle-size northern Serbian cities in Pannonian Plain that passed through three noticeable periods: (1) early industrialisation in an emerging capitalism of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in late 19<sup>th</sup> and early 20<sup>th</sup> century, (2) planned industrialisation in socialism in the second half of 20<sup>th</sup> century of Yugoslavia and (3) de/reindustrialisation tendencies in post-socialist transition since the 1990s. All three periods of industrial development have left immense consequences on the cities, their urban fabric and land use. Hence, the aim of this paper is to explain the pace of industrial development in six selected cities since the rise of capitalism in early modern periods in 18<sup>th</sup> century, as well as their spatial and social impact on urban fabric and urban planning and regulation thereof. This research thereby gives an insight into the locally rare examination of an industry-driven urban development, contributing in the understanding of this, generally underestimated planning legacy.</span></p>Branislav AntonićAleksandra Djukić
Copyright (c) 2022 Branislav Antonić, Aleksandra Djukić
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2022-09-292022-09-2919111412910.7480/iphs.2022.1.6441Re-uncovering the collectivism in Mao’s China, 1950s-1970s
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6443
<p>This article focuses on the workers’ villages in Northeast China during Mao’s period (1950s-1970s). This region is considered as one of the first that realized socialist industrialization, where an explicit emphasis was put on the broad new living-conditions and lifestyle of the industrial employees’ lives. This study will illustrate, that due to the sufficiency of supplementary infrastructure and facilities, together with a highly ideological administration, such workers’ villages can be described as micro-society, apart from the city, enhancing the inner members’ collectivity as a whole. At the same time, on a social level, people in workers' villages lived as one collective through their everyday interaction and self-management. This regime was challenged in the 1978-national reform when the decline was announced of the established structure and regulations served towards the egalitarianism, collectivism, and ultimately communism. At the same time those workers villages were absorbed in the growing Chinese cities, making them part of the present-day urban fabric. This article also emphasizes the importance of this vanished collectivism, which is more than just a communist product that reflects past political, social, economic, cultural, and spatial facets, but is also a rare and important heritage with an important socio-spatial significance</p>Yiping ZhangYves SchoonjansGisèle Gantois
Copyright (c) 2022 Yiping Zhang, Yves Schoonjans, Gisèle Gantois
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2022-09-292022-09-2919113114310.7480/iphs.2022.1.6443Regenerating Namaacha
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6515
<p>The paper presents a study about Namaacha, a small town in the eastern part of the Maputo Province (Mozambique) bordering South Africa and eSwatini, a rich area in terms of natural, built, and cultural heritage, but subjected to a series of socio-economic and environmental fragilities. Research conducted in the framework of the project "Boa_Ma_Nhã, Maputo!" (Polisocial Award 2018) based at Politecnico di Milano allowed to unfold the urban history of Namaacha, to study past and present planning tools, and to investigate the main challenges and potentialities for social, economic, and territorial development of the town, which regard specifically its agro-ecological and food systems, as well as its built and natural heritage. The paper presents the attempt to reconceptualise and set in synergy existing value assets as resiliency drivers, with the aim of leveraging local development through contextually sensitive planning and governance tools in the shape of guidelines, strategic scenarios, and pilot projects. The case-study aims at testing methodologies to approach – in a context-sensitive, and historically-aware perspective – the sustainable regeneration of built and landscape heritage in fragile socio-economic conditions in the Global South. </p>Alessandro FrigerioAlice BuoliLaura Montedoro
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2022-09-292022-09-2919114515810.7480/iphs.2022.1.6515Transformation from Commercial Port to Industrial City
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6474
<p class="Abstracttext"><span lang="EN-GB">This paper compares the four urban plans of Shanghai especially the industrial land-use from 1940s to 1950s, and reveals the changes in the design and construction of industrial buildings with the development mode shifted from spontaneity to the planned. The paper points out that the establishment of socialist political and economic system and the positioning of Shanghai by the national industrialization strategy have completely changed the urban development in Shanghai, which in turn led to the spatial reformation of the industrial location in Shanghai during the transition from light industry to heavy industry in 1953-1957. It also contributes to the large-scale expansion of industrial land and development of suburban industrial areas and industrial satellite towns after 1958 and prompts the transformation of Shanghai into an industrial city. The urban spatial structure of Shanghai also changed from a mono-center structure with the original concession as the core to a poly-center structure with the industrial centers as the core. The adoption of the Soviet standards and norms in industrial buildings, the clear zoning of general layout, and a large number of large-scale, large-span factories have contributed to the important image of the development of heavy industry in Shanghai during this period.</span></p>Lingzhou LiNu PengJunjie Zhang
Copyright (c) 2022 Lingzhou Li, Nu Peng, Junjie Zhang
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2022-07-062022-07-0619116518210.7480/iphs.2022.1.6474Research on Spatial Transformation and Reusing Strategy of Historic Urban Landscape under Cultural Tourism Guidance
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6687
<p class="p1">Under the background of urban development characteristic changes from incremental construction to stock renewal, many resource-based cities in northeast China have faced such problems as spatial degradation, cultural fracture, and idle heritage. Therefore, this study takes the Harbin old port area as an example. The utilization mode of cultural tourism is determined through the port’s historical development analysis and heritage value evaluation. Based on this, the spatial transformation and resilient planning of the old port area can be completed, while the vitality of heritage and development of the city can be stimulated. The research mainly includes three stages. First of all, it analyses the development characteristics of the Shipping Culture by dividing four historic layering stages, so the relevant historic urban landscape elements are extracted and divided into types. Then, the evaluation system of heritage value and reuse potential is established, and the value grade and remodel degree of landscape elements are determined. Finally, according to the current characteristics of elements at each level, different corresponding development modes are matched. Based on the supply of tourism products, the port is also activated through the reconstruction of the tourism system. Then realize the balanced development goals of heritage protection and utilization and urban space transformation.</p>Huan ZhangZhiqing Zhao
Copyright (c) 2022 Huan Zhang, Zhiqing Zhao
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2022-09-292022-09-29191179 – 1801110.7480/iphs.2022.1.6687Technical Assistance of the Soviet Specialists to China on Urban Planning in 1949-1959
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6440
<p class="Abstracttext"><span lang="EN-GB">A highlight of the urban planning activities in the early days of the People’s Republic of China was the massive number of professional Soviet specialists sent to technically assist China with urban planning. This was also a unique phenomenon in the international urban planning sector. More than forty Soviet specialists, who could be categorized into four series, were sent to China over a 10-year period to provide technical assistance, commencing from the arrival of the first series of Soviet municipal engineering specialists in August 1949 to the return of the last series of specialists in May 1959. By virtue of the technical assistance of the Soviet planners China managed to learn from Soviet planning theory in its entirety and developed urban reconstruction & expansion plans for a number of existing megacities as well as a number of important emerging industrial cities. Furthermore, thanks to the Soviet specialists, China was able to train and acquire a multitude of first-generation urban planners of its own who instilled into modern Chinese planning model a “cultural gene” which, originating primarily from the Soviet model, characterized socialist urban planning. </span></p>Hao Li
Copyright (c) 2022 Hao Li
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2022-09-292022-09-2919118319810.7480/iphs.2022.1.6440Early Settlement of Portuguese America
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6511
<p>The Portuguese Empire expanded over five continents and endured for nearly six centuries. Beginning with small forts and trading posts in Africa in the early fifteenth century to the formal handover of Macau to China in 1999, Portugal reigned over one of the longest lasting modern empires in the world. The Portuguese foray into the Americas was with the colony of Brazil and was a happenstance because a Portuguese captain accidentally landed in South America. What ensued was limited claims, multiple attacks from other European Empires, and the Portuguese quickly establishing the Donatary Captaincy system to colonize Brazil. This system of colonization was successful in the small Atlantic Islands the Portuguese colonized decades before, but was a near complete failure in Brazil. This paper shows how the Donatary Captaincies failed because of four reasons: (1) the decision to use Donatary Captaincies was reactionary; (2) individual captains assumed the initial capital cost of colonization without surplus to maintain their claims; (3) there were no residency laws for captains to be in the colonies; and (4) continual defensive attacks by indigenous populations hindered colonial growth. By providing the historical background and planning decisions about early Portuguese America, the entire story of “discovery” through Donatary Captaincies to a singular Governorate General adds to the understanding of early Portuguese colonization in Brazil. This paper contributes to the literature by providing a review of secondary sources regarding the early Portuguese colonization through the lens of built environment in English.</p>Thomas E. Bassett
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2022-09-292022-09-2919122123410.7480/iphs.2022.1.6511City as an Accumulation of Reconstruction
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6737
<p class="p1">Kamaishi in Iwate Prefecture has suffered devastating damage on several occasions, including the 1896 Meiji Sanriku tsunami, the 1933 Showa Sanriku tsunami, the 1945 naval bombardment during W.W. II and the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. It has recovered each time. The purpose of this paper is to organise the history of reconstruction planning and urban development in Kamaishi and to identify the characteristics of Kamaishi’s landscape and urban space in terms of disaster and reconstruction. As a result, temples, shrines and public facilities have been moved and new infrastructure has been developed repeatedly after each disaster in the Kamaishi area in modern times. These have generated a landscape typical of Kamaishi, centred on wide streets that form a vertical axis connecting the coast and the highlands, and have been accumulated as the history of the land in each place. The urban space of Kamaishi has been woven into the will to evacuate through repeated experiences of disaster and reconstruction. In the reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake, new layers and facilities were added for commercial recovery and residential reconstruction, but the underlying tone was aimed at building a network of evacuation routes.</p>Naoto Nakajima
Copyright (c) 2022 Naoto Nakajima
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2022-09-292022-09-29191239 – 2401210.7480/iphs.2022.1.6737The Evolution of Ancient Urban Defense Spaces in Northwest China During the Song–Ming Period
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6446
<p class="Abstracttext"><span lang="EN-GB">Based on the historical geographic database of the cities subordinated to the Ming Great Wall defense system and the Northern Song fortress defense system built by the research team, the history of military settlements in northwest China and their urban defense structure were traced. A comparative analysis of the spatial characteristics of urban defense planning during the Song and Ming Dynasties using settlement morphology data revealed significant differences in urban defense planning in the two eras. Focusing on typical urban settlements that span two historical periods and have continued into the present time, we analyzed continuous space-time slices of ancient urban defense spaces and explored their historical causes using ancient urban maps, local chronicles, and aerial photographs. Finally, the historical evolution sequence of ancient urban defense spaces was determined.</span></p>Xiaolong TuoZhe Li
Copyright (c) 2022 Xiaolong Tuo, Zhe Li
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2022-09-292022-09-2919124125210.7480/iphs.2022.1.6446Lisbon Urban Allotments
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6746
<p class="p1">Access to food constitutes one of the most basic daily human needs. Throughout history, cities have been shaped in order to accommodate the growth of food, namely in garden allotments. The shape and location of such areas have received differentiated levels of attention by city authorities, guided by specific planning paradigms, while determining different urban form arrangements over time, including those for the production of vegetable farming. This presentation exposes the first attempt of a legend proposal for the existing types of vegetation present in the “Plan of the City” for Lisbon, elaborated between 1948 and 1959. The identification of these vegetation elements is important as it provides an opportunity to better visualize the metabolic condition of the City of Lisbon, at a period of time when deep societal changes affected its urban and territorial arrangements. During the 1950s onwards, Lisbon testified the elaboration of a number of municipal plans, including new neighbourhoods, determining the reorganization of its housing fabric and the consequent vanishing of vegetation areas. The implications of these on the spatiality of the Lisbon food system are yet to be determined and urge for further investigation, namely on historical mapping sources as it is here attempted.</p>Teresa Marat-MendesPatrícia Bento d’Almeida
Copyright (c) 2022 Teresa Marat-Mendes, Patrícia Bento d’Almeida
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2022-09-292022-09-29191253 – 2546Research on the Formation and Development of the Area Centred on Jiyu Gakuen, focusing on the founders’ Philosophy
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6514
<p>In this study, we analyzed the formation and development of the area, focusing on the philosophy of those who created the area as one of the key points that led to the exposure, preservation, and transmission of cultural property values. The target area is centred on Jiyu Gakuen, located in Minamisawa, Higashikurume City, Tokyo. In Ikebukuro, the campus was created by the fusion between the philosophy of the couple of Motoko Hani and Yoshikazu Hani, the founder, and the architecture designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Later, the philosophy was embodied through the school's social activities. After moving to Minamisawa, the new school town was built based on Hanis' philosophy. A multilayered community carried out the campus, the surrounding area, and the school town. The philosophy was developed into people who understood Hanis' philosophy. The architecture designed by Arata Endo, who understood Hanis' philosophy, became part of the area’s landscape. After WWII, the region's urbanization transformed the school from an entity with urban elements to one that preserved the original regional landscape. Education and architecture were passed on to the next generation, who understood the philosophy. In recent years, the developed philosophy was clearly stated: cultural heritage and clarification.</p>Yuta GendaMasayoshi NaganoNaoto Nakajima
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2022-09-292022-09-2919125526910.7480/iphs.2022.1.6514Study on the Changing of Traditional Urban Fabric in Shanghai Old Town
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6467
<p>During the regeneration process of historic built environment in the megacities like Shanghai, traditional urban fabric and modern urban fabric have different spatial characteristics. The traditional urban fabric in Shanghai, which is represented by Lilong houses, can offer highly shared public and semi-public spaces in daily life. Unfortunately, after nearly 20 years of large-scale renewal process, there is only about 40% of the traditional urban fabric retained in Shanghai Old Town, which deeply depends on the delineation and planning requirements of Historic Conservation Area. In the past two years, in the planning of core conservation zone, Shanghai tries a new reconstruction way by demolishing old house and building new house with similar height and density as the former ones, to maintain the urban fabric and improve the environment quality. Taking Luxiangyuan as an example, the spatial pattern was inherited to a certain extent, the style and the elements of new house echoed with Lilong buildings. This paper finds that confronting with the challenges of disappearing traditional urban fabric, the former planning and "fabric reconstruction" practice has certain limitations, such as the disappearance of the high sharing character of roads and alleys.</p>Ruiqi ShanSong ZhangKaike Li
Copyright (c) 2022 Ruiqi Shan, Song Zhang, Kaike Li
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2022-09-292022-09-2919127328410.7480/iphs.2022.1.6467Evolution and Permanence in Coimbra’s Urban Form
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6520
<p>Across Europe, the 19th century was a period of radical transformation and the time of the emergence of urban planning as a science. In Portugal, a peripheral country, devastated by civil war and political and economic instability, these transformations emerged with some delay and on a smaller scale. After the creation in 1852 of the Ministry of Public Works, responsible for planning and construction of modern infrastructure and the road and railway network that would connect the main cities and the country with Europe, the first concerns with cities’ health and urban beautification arose. Thus in 1864, the first urban legislation introducing the general improvement plan, mandatory for the two main Portuguese cities, Lisbon and Porto emerged, but it was also applicable to other cities. Coimbra, a medium-sized city, but then the only Portuguese university city, one of the cities that tried to draw up a general improvement plan to ensure the city's beautification planning. This paper analyses these efforts and a set of plans and projects, their relations with European models, and intends to understand the innovation of these first plans in the light of the emergence of urban planning as a mandatory public policy in Portugal. </p>Margarida Relvão Calmeiro
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2022-09-292022-09-2919129731310.7480/iphs.2022.1.6520REVERSE ARCHITECTURE AND DIGITAL TWIN IN OPEN STANDARD FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6513
<p>Heritage buildings linked to important infrastructural projects present a specific set of architectural design challenges for their conservation and reuse. While storing valuable forms of cultural knowledge, they are not yet encompassed within current debates and methods on Building Information Modeling (BIM), their complex geometry defies standard forms of 3-D representation, and the planning documentation over their life-span has frequently been neglected or overlooked. The functional capacity of, for example, railway stations, must also be maintained at the same time as ongoing social and technological transformation takes place within their regional, national and international contexts.</p> <p>This paper argues for a combination of different digital tools in the documentation, maintenance and transformation of heritage buildings, and discusses in detail the innovative, pioneering methods of constructing a “digital twin” of the Vallorbe railway station in Switzerland, built in 1913 to accommodate the Istanbul- London Orient Express. Designed to accompany successive phases of the building’s life-span, such digital models themselves can become long-term conservers of architectural history. Rather than an automatic process, digital twin construction requires a particular set of architectural skills, representing a new form of digital craftsmanship, which, when using open formats, can guarantee a sustainable, transnational transmission of planning practices.</p>Bernard CherixBillal Mahoubi
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2022-09-292022-09-2919132533610.7480/iphs.2022.1.6513Port Modernization Perspective in the Netherlands and Japan
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6509
<p>In the 19th century, civil engineers outlined new planning perspective for port modernization or reform through hydraulic engineering: dredging, land reclamation, river improvement, dyke building and channel creation. In addition, these works for port modernization were closely connected with spatial urban development. Dutch civil engineers created the basic designs of the ports in Rotterdam and Osaka, which were the two leading modern ports in Europe and Asia from the 19th century to the 20th century. Owing to advances in port function contributed by Dutch civil engineers, this paper explores how to change urban structures by considering two ports from the Netherlands and Japan, using their investigative reports, design drawings and survey maps. In the Rotterdam Port project, Caland, a Dutch engineer, provided a comprehensive plan for improving the functions of rivers and ports. Rijke, a Dutch engineer, and other Japanese civil engineers also provided an effective plan for the Osaka Port Project. However, owing to topography, people’s opposition and historical background, the project was not realised completely. The transition of the two ports shows how port modernisation provides modern industry and urban development, in which civil engineers played crucial roles as the first trigger.</p>Kazumasa Iwamoto
Copyright (c) 2022 Kazumasa Iwamoto
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2022-09-292022-09-2919134135210.7480/iphs.2022.1.6509Youngstown’s Crandall Park
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6500
<p>Youngstown, Ohio, a small U.S. city midway between Cleveland and Pittsburgh, saw an unprecedented increase in population between the World Wars due to industrial development. In the 1910s, the city busily prepared for expansion, and the Realty and Guarantee Trust Company, local government, and a handful of rural landowners prepared for the development of a new suburb for the entrepreneurial elite and upwardly mobile to the north. The neighbourhood of Crandall Park, anchored by an eponymous park, took form based on a handful of public/private agreements and some boilerplate deed covenants. Within this framework, private clients hired various contractors and architects to create a great variety of houses in terms of style, type, and size. Though only a loosely planned speculative venture, Crandall Park had become one of Youngstown’s most desirable neighbourhoods by the Great Depression. With the departure of the steel mills in the late 1970s, Youngstown’s landscape changed drastically. The city depopulated, and its demographics shifted, yet the fabric of Crandall Park is notably intact. This paper proposes certain of Crandall Park’s qualities brought about by its Interwar inception (particularly as related to diversity and variety) have allowed it to remain a stable presence on Youngstown’s landscape.</p>Johnathan Farris
Copyright (c) 2022 Johnathan Farris
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2022-09-292022-09-2919135937010.7480/iphs.2022.1.6500‘Captains of industry’ of the metropolitan nexus
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6525
<p>In the Belgian context, the redevelopment of the metropolitan space is historically compromised by the absence of an emancipated scene of developers ready to take on this urban agenda in a structured and well-integrated manner. The origins of this situation are found in the twentieth century and the manner in which cities in Belgium dealt with metropolitan expansion, progressively denying a structural role to large scale property development, indirectly circumventing the creation of a more emancipated development scene. As we are trying to imagine the redevelopment of this twentieth century expansion belt of cities in Belgium, it is important to understand the actors and development logics that undergirded this –albeit incomplete- process of metropolization, as it did actually take form. This paper focusses on the production of the two major commercial residential developers, Jean-Florian Collin (Etrimo) and François Amelinckx (Amelinckx N.V.), who constructed over 70,000 apartments in the metropolitan agglomerations of Belgium between 1924 and 1985. Their short-lived, but large-scale, production defines an ‘invisible city’ of which we know very little but which can be used to analyse key aspects of the process of 20th century metropolization in Belgium. By applying a production perspective on planning history, the actual projects that these developers realized are considered a combination of the ‘space’ that was given to them and the ‘space’ they claimed. This perpetual interplay between the actual conditions and the actor coalitions that included developers is defined as a ‘metropolitan nexus’, in which the process of metropolization is perpetually being redefined. <br>The production of Etrimo and Amelinckx N.V. may seem generic at first, and does not conform to conventional narratives concerning the formal qualities of buildings. However, a strategic mapping of this production reveals distinct spatial constructs (or ‘figures’), both specific and at the same time systematic types of urban environments created by the two commercial players. Both developers were ‘champions of a game of their creation,’ as they applied precise strategies in constructing specific circumstances that seized the latent potential of development (that hovered over the capitalist metropolitan landscape) into concrete, often opportunistically defined, built commodities. <br>This production perspective makes it possible to look at a processes of metropolitan expansion and twentieth century planning in Belgium from a different angle, starting from the actual built reality and the ‘captains of industry’ that this urban reality was grounded upon. A perspective which has been little-applied in the Belgian case, and is particularly pertinent for interpreting development patterns in a context like Belgium that lacks a strong planning culture.</p>Laurence Heindryckx
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2022-09-292022-09-2919137138410.7480/iphs.2022.1.6525Evaluating the Impact of the Community Planning Association of Canada in the Post-War Revival of Canadian Planning
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6501
<p class="Abstracttext"><span lang="EN-CA">The Community Planning Association of Canada (CPAC) played a key role in advocating for the re-establishment of planning in Canada. The CPAC was remarkably effective, with broad popular support with thousands of citizen members in the late 1950s. The CPAC educated the public about the purpose of community planning and encouraged public participation at local and regional scales across Canada from 1946 until the Association collapsed in 1979. We believe that 1944 to 1947 period was a critical juncture establishing planned suburban development in Canada as a path-dependent process with tremendous momentum into the 21st century. During this period, the federal government set post-war reconstruction objectives, and both Central (now Canada) Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) and the CPAC were formed. It is still yet to be determined whether the formation of the CMHC or CPAC was the critical juncture. Using a historical-institutional approach, the role of CMHC and the influence of the CPAC is examined. An analysis of key events, actors, and themes, relying on extensive archival material from 1944-64, demonstrates that the CPAC gave tremendous push along the path dependent process of suburbanization in post-war Canada. </span></p>David L. A. GordonMiranda Virginillo
Copyright (c) 2022 David L. A. Gordon, Miranda Virginillo
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2022-09-292022-09-2919139140610.7480/iphs.2022.1.6501Brownfield redevelopment: Towards a comprehensive approach
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6437
<p>Brownfield redevelopment is one of the major issues many developed cities have faced in the last decades. This type of urban action often requires its own operating models and regulations due to the complexity of land use, larger geographical scale as well as environmental challenges. To understand the specifics of the problem we take a comparative look at brownfield redevelopment in Russian and French cities.</p>Tatiana Kiseleva
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2022-09-292022-09-2919141142110.7480/iphs.2022.1.6437Curitiba 1960s transformations and postmodern ideas
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6438
<p>Over the course of a few decades Curitiba evolved from a mid-twentieth century provincial capital city in southern Brazil to an ecological capital and a model city. How did Curitiba become a world model city? Contemporary planning ideas in global diffusion certainly contributed to it. Events such as the creation of the local planning institute and the establishment of the first local architecture and urbanism course triggered a series of urban transformations. Likewise, young, migrant architects introduced challenging ideas. In a stimulating environment, international experiences and connections fostered the development of innovative proposals. Moreover, differing from the nationally hegemonic modernist architecture and rationalist urbanism, Curitiba’s planners focused on the actual needs of the city, its specific physical context and social milieu, despite vocal resistance to the term postmodernism. Local identity, belonging, cultural memory, revitalization, recycling, and pedestrianization were valued as planning targets, as well as the preservation of the natural environment. Drawing upon a few paradigmatic designs, this paper accounts for the successful planning of Curitiba and its promotion internationally. It critically traces the planning history of this world-class city in the broader context of Brazilian planning by presenting the early postmodern urbanism implemented in Curitiba. </p>Renato Leão Rego
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2022-09-292022-09-2919142944110.7480/iphs.2022.1.6438Study on the Urban Conservation by the Sectors of Houses and Villas in the City of Paris and its Suburban Area
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6466
<p>The Sectors of Houses and Villas (HV sector) in the City of Paris and Montrouge, the suburban city of Paris, are determined by the Local Plan of Urbanism (PLU) based on the SRU Law of 2000 to maintain a favourable residential environment. The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of the HV sector and examine its effectiveness. In comparison with existing historic environment conservation schemes, in terms of conservation approach, the HV sector takes a sustainable approach to maintaining the form and layout of existing buildings through local provisions, such as maximum building area. In the case of the SL Sector, Villa Daviel in Paris, when development pressure increased in the 1990s in the block where the SL sector was located, building restriction zones and height restrictions were established in the block where residential areas were located, based on consensus with the inhabitants, to conserve the entire block. When the transition from POS to PLU was made, height restrictions were set with a view to sustainable form conservation, and easements were established.</p>Kumi Eguchi
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2022-09-292022-09-2919145947610.7480/iphs.2022.1.6466The Formation Process and Changes in Patients’ Housing in Nagashima-Aiseien, the First National Sanatorium in Japan
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6478
<p>Hansen’s disease sanatoria were constructed worldwide from the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. In Japan, 13 national sanatoria still exist. Although these facilities are still regarded as Hansen’s disease sanatoria, their function has shifted from being a treatment facility to being a nursing facility for elderly people without a family or hometown. Hansen's disease is a chronic infection characterized by a wide range of symptoms depending on the progress of the disease. People with mild symptoms can live their daily lives, while other patients need help due to blindness or paralysis of the hands and feet. Additionally, the age of onset varies from children to adults. Through these facilities, people could live most of their daily lives without having to rely on the world outside of the sanatorium. A sanatorium was like a village where patients of different ages and with various symptoms lived together. This study examined the process of transition from the "villages" for isolated patients to the final abode of the elderly in terms of the formation process of patient housing. </p>Minjeong ParkToshio Otsuki
Copyright (c) 2022 Minjeong Park, Toshio Otsuki
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2022-09-292022-09-2919147748810.7480/iphs.2022.1.6478Diversification of Grid Blocks’ Morphology in Beijing, China, from the View of Block Formation
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6468
<p>Urban blocks are the highly unchangeable units that make up urban form. Grid blocks have been commonly applied in the continuous top-down planning in Beijing, China, since ancient time. However, the uniform urban planning did not lead to standardized block form, but has morphological diversification appeared. Hence, the research attempts to clarify its dynamic from the initial formation process. It investigates the typological formation process of grid blocks in Beijing form historical maps, and their correspondence with urban development stages. It concludes that the construction of grid blocks covers a long time span without any certain order of boundary defining and subdivision forming. The irregularity and diversity in block morphology result in both conflicts and potential in creating urban diversity in the urban renewal in Beijing city.</p>Jiankun Liu
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2022-09-292022-09-2919150551510.7480/iphs.2022.1.6468The transformation of scenery to landscape in Zuber wallpapers from a cross-cultural perspective
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6526
<p>As a pioneering type of industrial printmaking, wallpaper is a record of the landscapes of different cities in different countries and is the focus of our inquiry into the development of cityscape art. This paper takes Zuber&Cie wallpaper as an example, firstly, it briefly describes the development of wallpaper from a mere decorative commodity to a redesigned natural landscape painting in the 19th-20th centuries, and compares the process of transformation of land to landscape in Zuber wallpaper, i.e. the transformation process of scenery to landscape, and at the same time, by analysing the selected paintings in The second is an interdisciplinary analysis of the narrative content and narrative techniques used in Zuber's wallpaper painting using art historical research methods such as iconography and formal analysis. Finally, a cross-cultural perspective is adopted to examine the historical and socio-political significance behind the transformation of the landscape from a pastoral rustic to a national park and its cultural transmission and change as a result of international trade.</p>Yuan SunZixin Wu
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2022-09-292022-09-2919153154010.7480/iphs.2022.1.6526Architects and the Atomic Age
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6735
<p class="p1">At the dawn of the atomic age the US architectural scene was shocked to the awe and devastation brought by the atomic bomb and was quick to adapt it thinking on city planning. As early as December 1945,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Alfred Caldwell was proclaiming in a feature article of the Journal of American Institute of Architects: “Now we have a weapon that makes cities the most dangerous place in the world.” For Caldwell, as well as Hilberseimer and a growing group of advocates, decentralization was the only rational solution to civil defence in the wake of the US bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In the following years, this direction for dispersed urbanism was propagated by the mass architectural media of the time and institutionalized through workings between the American Institute of Architects and the US Atomic Energy Commission of 1946, the gubernatorial agency for the promotion and regulation of atomic energy to all facets of US industry. But a counter-argument to urban dispersion was also harbouring among the architectural community, namely by architects such as Josep Lluis Sert, who having taken the lessons of the US CIAM to his heart stood in defense of central city areas and “the historical pattern of towns.” This paper traces the history of this debate on urban dispersion and investigates the connections between administrative, academic, media, and professional bodies that interconnected and conditioned the architectural matters of the time.</p>Phoebus Ilias Panigyrakis
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2022-09-292022-09-2919154555410.7480/iphs.2022.1.6735Habiter l’Habitat
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/7112
<p>The paper is focused on the interdisciplinary and cross-cultural paradigm of “habitat” - as anthropological and ecological interdependency between domestic space and its environment.</p> <p>Since the mid 20th Century, our built environment has faced a long totalising-planetary urbanisation process, which urges us to review the old conventional urban-architectural categories we use to describe and understand our cities and countryside. In front of the urgency of a more inclusive understanding of our built environment, this paper sheds more light on the paradigm of Habitat as an interdisciplinary urban lexicon, as it gained momentum in post-war urban thinking and has influenced urban design ever since.</p> <p>The paper holds that the post-war discussion on Habitat represented a unique moment in which interdisciplinary thinking on the built environment became central. The paper shows alliances and resonances between the post-war CIAM’s discourse on Habitat and other coeval sociological and philosophical studies to delineate a complex theoretical framework. Beyond the parameters and boundaries that have been considered and presumed conventionally within ordinary urban design and social science, the paper focuses on the complex interdisciplinary meanings, interpretations, and translations regarding the paradigm of post-war Habitat as a complex social and spatial notion which encompasses the human settlement as a whole.</p>Leonardo Zuccaro Marchi
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2022-09-292022-09-29191555 – 556710.7480/iphs.2022.1.7112Francoism and the triumph of home ownership, 1939-1975
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6475
<p class="Abstracttext"><span lang="EN-GB">The various responses to the economic situation and the excruciating issue of housing during the long, unstable period of Franco’s regime, during which there was high immigration and steep growth in large cities, led to the consolidation of high percentages of homeownership. Homeownership was particularly notable in the working-class suburbs of urban agglomerations. This was a real cultural mutation that, due to its divergence from European housing policies, is a good focus of analysis to explore some specific characteristics of the housing problem during the Franco regime. Through a literature review and the use of primary sources (building permits, building and housing censuses and population registers), the ongoing research on Barcelona questions whether the divergence from other European countries is mainly a Falangist cultural legacy, as suggested recently, or more closely related to the process of economic liberalisation. As greater access to homeownership coincided with a revolution in ways of living and new relations with the neighbourhood, it should also be questioned whether it influenced the high number of neighbourhood movements during the decline of Franco’s regime.</span></p>Manel Guardia BassolsJosé Luis Oyón BañalesMaribel Rosselló NicolauDavid Hernández Falagán
Copyright (c) 2022 Manel Guardia Bassols, José Luis Oyón Bañales, Maribel Rosselló Nicolau, David Hernández Falagán
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2022-09-292022-09-2919155957110.7480/iphs.2022.1.6475Housing and Urbanism in Spain in Francoist period
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6477
<p>The <em>Obra Sindical del Hogar</em> —OSH, Housing Trade Union Welfare— was a Spanish social housing building entity during the Francoist dictatorship. Although it served the <em>Instituto Nacional de la Vivienda</em>—INV, National Housing Institute—, which was the autonomous state agency for housing policy, OSH was under the control of <em>FET y de las JONS</em>, which was the only party of Franco’s regime. This paper aims to compare real performance of OSH with its own propaganda throughout the dictatorship. Our methodology has included analysing housing production data at the national level in this period, particularly social housing, and studying three significant and complementary projects carried out in three locations in the region of Castilla y León in three different decades —Burgos in the forties, Covaleda (Soria) in the fifties and Valladolid in the sixties—. It can be concluded that the OSH performed a huge propaganda work that made its production seem much larger than it really was.</p>Victor Pérez-EguíluzMarina Jiménez JiménezMiguel Fernández-MarotoLuis Santos y Ganges
Copyright (c) 2022 Victor Pérez-Eguíluz, Marina Jiménez Jiménez, Miguel Fernández-Maroto, Luis Santos y Ganges
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2022-07-062022-07-0619157358610.7480/iphs.2022.1.6477Urban planning and housing policies in democratic Spain
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6476
<p>The Spanish Constitution of 1978 included the right of all Spaniards to enjoy decent and adequate housing and stated that the public authorities shall promote the necessary conditions to make this right effective. In the following three decades, there has been a massive housing production in Spain, but the right to housing, as constitutionally recognised, remains unfulfilled. This paper aims at approaching to the roots of this contradiction between the enormous housing production and the persistent need of affordable housing through an analysis of urban planning and housing policies throughout this period, when a new framework of shared powers between the Spanish central government and the regional governments has gradually entered in force. The results of this analysis, also illustrated through a case study, allow to state that housing policies have been conceived more from the economic point of view —the contribution of the real estate sector to the Spanish economy— than from the social point of view —fulfilling the constitutional right to decent and adequate housing—. </p>Miguel Fernández-MarotoVíctor Pérez-EguíluzMarina Jiménez JiménezJuan Luis de las Rivas Sanz
Copyright (c) 2022 Miguel Fernández-Maroto, Víctor Pérez-Eguíluz, Marina Jiménez Jiménez, Juan Luis de las Rivas Sanz
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2022-09-292022-09-2919158960210.7480/iphs.2022.1.6476Between Tradition and Modernity
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6473
<p>This article examines street improvement projects in Hankou's case for unearthing the contribution of Chinese political elites and planers in exchanging planning concepts and technologies from the West to China. Aiming to realize the Modern Metropolis, which Sun Yat-sen proposed in the fundamentals of national reconstruction, Chinese political elites and planers selected, borrowed, and imported western planning ideas to transform traditional Hankou city by implementing street improvement projects. Using the case of street improvement of Hankou during the Late Qing period(1889-1911), Early Republic China period(1911-1926), and Municipal Government period(1926-1937) as case studies, this article examines street improvement projects which authorities developed for Hankou in three different periods. By analyzing planning concepts, street plans(both realized and planned), and management regulations of these projects, the paper argues that improvement projects aimed to develop economic and industrial and improve public hygiene. Furthermore, the Chinese political and planning elites imported European and American design principles and practiced them in the Hankou local context for their own needs. In conclusion, the built environment showed hybridization features after implementing continuous planning schemes.</p>Xiaogeng RenBaihao LiCarola Hein
Copyright (c) 2022 Xiaogeng Ren, Baihao Li, Carola Hein
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2022-09-292022-09-2919161763410.7480/iphs.2022.1.6473Shanghai’s Old Town
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6517
<p>Shanghai’s old town (<em>laochengxiang</em>) has every quality of a living historic district in the centre of a modern metropolis. Its archaic, small-grain and varied urban form is inhabited by a long-standing local community with strong familial connections to the city. But in the absence of effective conservation mechanisms, the old town’s built environment and social fabric are in danger of disappearance, as large pieces of its territory are handed over to commercial developers. The fast pace of blanket modernisation exposes a glaring need for better frameworks of heritage protection. Focusing on the on-going urban renewal project of the Qiaojia Road area, this article illuminates the challenges of heritage management under the pressure of urban development and discusses strategies and attitudes necessary to safeguard Shanghai’s historic urban landscape.</p>Katya Knyazeva
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2022-09-292022-09-2919164366010.7480/iphs.2022.1.6517The Concept of the Socialist City
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6516
<p>This paper discusses the specific features of the socialist city referring to the original ideas and intentions that were related to the foundation of socialist cities during Soviet Era. Planning and construction of socialist cites were embedded within the context of historical and social conditions that existed at the time. Soviet planners cited aspirations for the construction of large housing estates and new cities, such as the vision of a better person in a better society. These goals also opened up a view to an international debate: the search for a new city as a response to the unsuitable living conditions in the industrial city of the late nineteenth century. Urban planning and design in the Soviet Union was used as an instrument of ideology. Integrated within a system of state order, urban design played a political role. Hence the guiding principles for urban development emerged under certain preconditions, such as technical feasibility.</p> <p>The paper emphasizes the visons and ideas, the urban guiding principles, and the physical structure and form of socialist cities.</p>Barbara Engel
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2022-09-292022-09-2919166367810.7480/iphs.2022.1.6516Factors influencing post-earthquake reconstruction spatial transformations
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6752
<p class="p1">Among all Italy’s city reconstructions after earthquake disasters, only the 1976 Friuli earthquake reconstruction was completed among publicly funded projects. Numerous studies have been conducted on the lessons learned from policymaker and city planner perspectives, with some examining the mid-term reconstruction evaluations by using the Haas recovery and reconstruction model. However, few long-term evaluations have been conducted on the spatial transformation of historical centres. This study examined the spatial transformation of the historical centre in Venzone, which was one of the most earthquake affected settlements in the Friuli region. The evaluation of the reconstruction process revealed the influencing factors for the spatial post-earthquake reconstruction transformation process in Venzone’s historical centre. To guide project implementation, the first influential factor was to define the primary streets and squares, to which reconstruction priority was given. The second factor was to have only one primary technician in charge of all design projects in one town block. The third factor was the appointment of an architect to prepare the reconstruction plan and act as the overall project coordinator. Those influential factors should be referenced in long-term planning in the earthquake reconstruction of Italian historical town centre.</p>Tomoyuki Mashiko
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2022-10-072022-10-07191685–6861010.7480/iphs.2022.1.6752Modern industrialization around the castle town Ogaki
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6442
<p class="Abstracttext"><span lang="EN-GB">This study focuses on Ogaki as a typical example of a local city in Japan, reveals the process of modernizing the urban management method. In this process, urban structure was renovated with adding new infrastructures on the composition of the previous period. It shows that building of the infrastructure system for modern industry in Ogaki City had been carried out with the collaboration not only among several vertical administrative systems, but between the ex-samurai class and merchants. Ogaki City began to change rapidly after the 1920s, when a comprehensive regional water infrastructure system beyond the scale of the city was implemented. City planning was institutionalized in the middle of this foundation construction process and supported the realization of the concept shared among merchants. In the stage when the Street Network (1930) and the Canal Project (1937) were decided as the city planning, the cooperative relationship between flood control, energy supply, and water and land transportation had been completed. The concept of industrial urbanization was shared even in a state where there was no manifestation of the master plan, and the city planning was institutionalized in the middle of this foundation construction process and supported the realization of this concept. </span></p>Yoshifumi Demura
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2022-09-292022-09-2919169170610.7480/iphs.2022.1.6442The project to remove the railway from the surface of the city of Valladolid and take it underground
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6512
<p class="Keywordtext"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal;">The idea of constructing a tunnel for the railway under the city of Valladolid, Spain, has been under discussion since the 1980s. This possibility was considered through various studies, three different project competitions and several urban master plans. Thus, the division of the city by the railway into two areas would be resolved, the traditionally richest area, which included the historic centre and the most elegant neighbourhoods, and the first poorer periphery. Various officially approved plans were created to carry out the project according to the proposition of Richard Rogers. However, the deficient design of the operation and the economic crisis made the construction of the tunnel impossible as the expected from the sale of the land occupied by the railway, 13 years after the approval of the project have not materialized. Many of these events have been set out in various city planning proposals. The latest stage in this ambitions project was the cancelation of the construction of the tunnel and important investment in consolidating the current railway on the surface; more precisely the improvement in underground pedestrian crossings. Yet the story is far from over. At present, the discordant voices have been called for the tunnel project to be revived, so the dilemma is once more undecided. Party politics and financial question are seen to have a greater weight than technical reports from experts. </span></p>José Luis Sainz GuerraAlicia Sainz EstebanRosario del Caz Enjuto
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2022-09-292022-09-2919171172910.7480/iphs.2022.1.6512IQVU and the Right to the City
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6470
<p>This article seeks to understand how the construction of a Brazilian social indicator - the Quality of Urban Life Index of Belo Horizonte (IQVU-BH), used as an objective criterion for the distribution of resources of the Participatory Budget (OP). It seeks to demonstrate how the ideation of IQVU-BH in 1993 does not constitute an isolated fact; this is part of the experimentations made possible in the redemocratization of the country that, in order to respond to the struggles for urban reform, led to the very incorporation of the concept of Right to the City in Brazilian legislation. This article is structured, therefore, along two axes of inquiry: one that inserts the construction of IQVU in the course of incorporating the notion of the Right to the City into Brazilian legislation; another that analyses its distancing and proximity to the Lefebvrian concept from the comparison between its initial link with the OP of the management of Belo Horizonte (Brazil). Finally, the present work intends to demonstrate that the resonance of the Right to The City in IQVU only occurs when its employment occurs linked to the OP, as an instrument related to democratic and participatory management.</p>Paula MouraGisela Souza
Copyright (c) 2022 Paula Moura, Gisela Souza
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2022-09-292022-09-2919174575410.7480/iphs.2022.1.6470Transformation and Stability
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6519
<p>In late 19th century, a new form of colonies was established in Ottoman Palestine by Jewish immigrants, mostly from Eastern Europe. This paper will explore the initial four decades of these colonies, from the founding of the first one in 1878 to the beginning of the British Mandate in Palestine in 1918. During these years, the colonies experienced processes of reformation, enlightenment, modernization, and secularization, including advances in women's rights. The new colonies offered architects and entrepreneurs a rare opportunity to plan and implement a host of innovative ideas. Baron Edmond de Rothschild, a key figure in the colonies' development, hired architects and other professionals and promoted the education of young women. Public space in the colonies became a significant place where women were able to negotiate social change. This paper will present a few case studies of public spaces in the colonies -- streets, gardens, bathhouses, and synagogues: the ways they were planned and how they were transformed over time. Based on new archival materials, I will discuss topics such as work and education, water and hygiene, body and beauty, and the way women impelled changes in public space.</p>Talia Abramovich
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2022-09-292022-09-2919175776710.7480/iphs.2022.1.6519The German experience of urban regeneration, taking the Blasewitz-Striesen Nord-Ost district (Dresden) as an example, and the possibility of its application in historical cities in Russia
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6439
<p class="Abstracttext"><a name="_Hlk34251737"></a><span lang="EN-GB">The article illustrates the practical application of legislative and planning tools for the preservation and development of the historical and architectural urban environment in the city of Dresden, taking the districts of Blasewitz and Striesen as examples. It examines the principles of rapid response and countermeasures to the destruction of the historical, architectural and urban environment, as well as decision-making procedures and implementation mechanisms. Furthermore, it describes the distinctive features of the system of preservation of urban heritage in Germany which guarantee the effectiveness of preservation, and which can be considered as principles for applying the German experience to historical cities in Russia.</span></p>Anastasia Malko
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2022-09-292022-09-2919176978410.7480/iphs.2022.1.6439Jaap Bakema’s Open Society in the Twenty-first Century
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6472
<p>The concept of the Open Society appeared in the CIAM discourse of the 1950s as an attempt to create condition in the city for society to prosper. These good intentions at the theoretical level did not always translate into success stories in practice, and some of the consequences of such a gap can be still felt today, amplified by multiple crises (social, economic, environmental, etc.). Often, the consequence is decay and demolition. The availability of vast knowledge and the emergence of different urban theories and tools since the 1950s allows for new possibilities to reinterpret the values underpinning the concept of the Open Society, and to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Our hypothesis is that an historically situated appraisal of the Open Society is necessary to bring it up to date and renew and enrich its legacy towards social, economic, and environmental resilience. Thus, we formulate the question: to what extent is the concept of the Open Society still relevant in contemporary urbanism?<br>This study proposes a two-pronged investigation into the Open Society (both empirical and theoretical). It aims to investigate the discursive and projective validity of the concept as follows: First, critically review the theoretical concept and its implementation from the perspective of global and contemporary frameworks of discourse and policy. Second, empirically review two case studies (’t Hool, the Netherlands and Montbau, Spain) that illustrate the phenomena and patterns that have arisen in the friction between place, Open Society ideals, and resistance generated by users. This research uses a mixed-methods approach (i.e. quantitative and qualitative) and includes critical cartographies to critically and sensitively examine the two case studies and draw conclusions to highlight power relations and the existing materials available for building a more resilient future. In this way, we attempt to bridge the theory-practice gap by providing a methodology that provides a broad and deep understanding of the places, their histories, and their potentials and urgencies.</p>Juan Sanz OliverGregory BrackenVictor Muños Sanz
Copyright (c) 2022 Juan Sanz Oliver, Gregory Bracken, Victor Muños Sanz
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2022-09-292022-09-2919178779910.7480/iphs.2022.1.6472Protecting the historical city
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6448
<p class="Keywordtext"><span lang="EN-GB">Since the 1970s, the existing historical building stock gained more value. Monument protection was gradually introduced in the urban planning process as were its methods and instruments. Approaches for an urban development based on the existing building stock were made in both former german countries, GDR (German Democratic Republic) and FGR (Federal Republic of Germany), even if the extent was different. Especially with the regeneration of the historical old towns in the GDR beginning in late 1989, early 1990, the preservation of urban architectural heritage formally became an integrated part of urban development strategies in united Germany. The adaption and development of instruments to protect and develop historical city centres is part of the research project ‘Stadtwende’. Surveys based on the results of qualitative expert interviews and archive research show that the ‘turn’ (Wende) in 1989 had an impact on the development of a planning practice that took the existing building stock into account. With regard to recent trends the paper shows the historical genesis of the preservation of urban heritage in urban planning and asks to what extend it could support a resource-saving urban development today.</span></p>Jana Breßler
Copyright (c) 2022 Jana Breßler
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2022-09-292022-09-2919180181410.7480/iphs.2022.1.6448Urban planning and politics
https://journals.open.tudelft.nl/iphs/article/view/6503
<p>This paper aims to reflect on the relationship between urban planning and politics in Brazil from the 1930s through to the beginning of the 1970s. During this period, it is possible to observe a number of processes in the field of urban planning: a gradual, complementary link established between the field of knowledge and professional practice; an expansion of the area covered by studies, analyzes and proposals; and a link between plans, proposals and State actions.</p> <p>A number of different institutions were organized with the aim of elaborating, discussing and executing plans, and were central not only to the process of building and legitimizing different aspects of exercising the professions of the urbanist and the urban planner, but also for the diffusion of a new conception of plans and urban instruments.</p> <p>The period, with its political and economic determinations, was not homogeneous, and also presented significant differences, including periods with authoritarian and democratic governments, thereby rendering a strong impact on the political and intellectual environment, focusing on political structures and on political and civil rights.</p> <p>We therefore propose to address the slow institutional construction of formulating urban policy, the contradictions between a progress project and a new social order, and finally the ideological crisis of urban planning in the 1970s and the signs of its transformation.</p>Maria Cristina da Silva Leme
Copyright (c) 2022 Maria Cristina da Silva Leme
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
2022-09-292022-09-2919183984910.7480/iphs.2022.1.6503