Building Bodies, Constructing Selves

The Architecture of the Fitness Gymnasium

Authors

  • Sandra Louise Kaji-O'Grady University of Queensland
  • Sarah Manderson

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7480/footprint.13.2.3441

Abstract

Fitness gymnasiums shape subjects and establish communities. The extraordinary rise in the number of high-end, architect-designed fitness gymnasiums responds to, and accelerates market demand as individuals adapt to societal expectations. Yet going to the gym is not experienced as an external directive. It is felt as a desire to be one’s best, to live fully, to succeed. The central role played by design is to (re)produce the desire to voluntarily subject oneself to regimes of self-control and self-transformation. This article looks at how the diverse architecture and interior design of the fitness gymnasium creates this desire and constructs subject positions. Today’s gymnasiums reference elements of bathhouses, spas, surgical clinics, sanatoria, monasteries, discotheques and nightclubs, factories, homes, clubs, hotels, S&M dungeons, massage parlours, beauty salons, cafés, and, even, art galleries – albeit not all in one space. We analyse the richly diverse aesthetics of several commercial chains of gymnasiums and explore the affective experiences established through the manipulation of atmospheric qualities.

Author Biographies

Sandra Louise Kaji-O'Grady, University of Queensland

Sandra Kaji-O’Grady is a professor in the School of Architecture at the University of Queensland. She co-edited Laboratory Lifestyles (MIT Press, 2018) and is co-author, with Chris L. Smith, of LabOratory: Speaking of Science and its Architecture (MIT Press, 2019). Each of these books examines the political, material and aesthetic economies of the contemporary laboratory for bioscience research. Her next book, Pets and the City, is concerned with the design of places wherein companion animals, especially cats and dogs, are kept in multiples, and with the intersection between this actuality and ideas about packs, hoards and pestilence.

Sarah Manderson

Sarah Manderson is an Architectural graduate from the University of Queensland. Since the beginning of 2019 she has been a collaborator in Speculative Architecture, a practice that cultivates opportunities to contribute openly to the city through small institutional projects. Sarah’s research pursues productive convergences between the politics of aesthetics, the relationality of material realities, and the agency of architects to intervene actively in the cultural production of everyday spatial experience.

References

Adkins, Lisa and Celia Lury. “The Labour of Identity: Performing Identities, Performing Economies.” Economy and Society 28 (1999): 598-614.

Alvarez, Erick. Muscle Boys: Gay Gym Culture. New York: The Haworth Press, 2010.

Arsenault, Bridget. “The Story Behind BXR London’s Most Glamorous Gym,” Forbes, December 24, 2017, accessed 3 April, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/bridgetarsenault/2017/12/24/the-story-behind-bxr-londons-most-glamorous-gym/#6f08b689601c

Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press, 1984.

Bordo, Susan, ed. The Male Body:A New Look at Men in Public and in Private. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giraux, 1999.

Bird, Lauren. Ancient Wisdom, Modern Bodies: Hybrid Authenticity in the Space of Modern Yoga. MA Thesis, Concordia University, Montreal, 2014.

Brewis, Joanna and Stephen Linstead. Sex, Work, and Sex Work: Eroticizing Organization. London: Routledge, 2000.

Cederström, Carl and Rickard Grassman. “The Masochistic Reflexive Turn.” Ephemera 8, no. 1 (2008): 41-57.

Cederström, Carl and André Spicer. The Wellness Syndrome. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2015.

Chaline, Eric. The Temple of Perfection: A History of the Gym. London: Reaktion Books, 2015.

Ciolkosz, Matylda. “The Possible Significance of Sensorimotor Synchronisation in Modern Postural Yoga Practice.” Studia Religiologica 48, no. 4 (2015): 327-340

Crane-Seeber, Jesse Paul. “Sexy Warriors: The Politics and Pleasures of Submission to the State” Critical Military Studies 2, no. 1-2 (2016): 41-55.

Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia [1980]. Translated and Foreword by Brian Massumi. London and New York: Continuum, 2004.

Dovey, Kim. Becoming Places: Urbanism, Architecture, Identity, Power. London: Routledge, 2009.

du Gay, Paul. Consumption and Identity at Work. London: Sage, 1996.

Durkheim, Émile. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life [1912]. Translated by Carol Cosman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Eichberg, Henning. “The Enclosure of the Body – On the Historical Relativity of ‘Health’, ‘Nature’ and the Environment of Sport.” Journal of Contemporary History 21 (1986): 99-121.

Eikhof, Doris, Chris Warhurst and Axel Haunschild. “Introduction: What work? What life?

What balance? Critical reflections on the work-life balance debate.” Employee Relations 29 (2007): 325–333.

Featherstone, Mark. “The Eye of War: Images of Destruction in Virilio and Bataille,” Journal for Cultural Research 7, no. 4 (2003): 433-447.

Frew, Matthew and David McGillivray, “Health Clubs and Body Politics: Aesthetics and the Quest for Physical Capital.” Leisure Studies 24 (2005): 161-175.

Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish. Translated by A. Sheridan. London: Penguin, 1977.

Foucault, Michel. “The Ethic of Care for the Self as a Practice of Freedom: An Interview with Michel Foucault on January 20, 1984.” In The Final Foucault. Edited by James Bernauer and David Rasmussen. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1991.

Glassman, Greg. “Understanding Crossfit.” CrossFit Journal 56, no. 1 (2007), 3.

Hakim, Jamie. “‘Fit is the new rich’: Male Embodiment in the Age of Austerity.” Soundings: A Journal of Politics and Culture 61 (2016): 84-94.

Harvey, David. Spaces of Hope. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.

Health Club Management Editorial, “Architecture and Design: Why Join any Old Gym when You can Join One of these Gyms?”, Health Club Management 8 (2016), 52.

Heywood, Leslie. “‘We’re in This Together’: Neoliberalism and the Disruption of the Coach/Athlete Hierarchy in CrossFit.” Sports Coaching Review 5, no. 1 (2016): 116-129.

Hilvoorde, Ivo van. “Fitness: The Early (Dutch) Roots of a Modern Industry,” The International Journal of the History of Sport 25, no. 10 (2008): 1306-1325.

Hoberman, John. “Primacy of Performance: Superman not Superathlete.” The International Journal

of the History of Sport 16, no. 2 (1999): 71.

Hollier, Denis. Against Architecture: The Writings of Georges Bataille. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992.

Home, John, David Jary, and Alan Tomlinson eds., “Sport, leisure and social relations,” Sociological Review Monograph 33, 113-138. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987.

James, Eric P. and Rebecca Gill, “Neoliberalism and the Communicative Labor of

CrossFit.” Communication and Sport 6, no. 6 (2018): 715.

Kickbusch, Ilona and Lea Payne. “Twenty-first Century Health Promotion: The Public Health Revolution Meets the Wellness Revolution.” Health Promotion International 18 (2003): 275-278.

Kim, Kyoung Tae, John Bae, Jong-Chae Kim and Soonhwan Lee. “The Servicescape in the Fitness Center: Measuring Fitness Center’s Services.” International Journal of Sport Management, Recreation and Tourism 21 (2016): 1-20.

Kracauer, Siegfried, Barbara Correll, and Jack Zipes. “The Mass Ornament.” New German

Critique 5 (1975): 67-76.

Latour, Bruno. “How to Talk About the Body? The Normative Dimension of Science Studies.” Body and Society 10, no. 2-3 (2004): 2015-229.

Lazzarato, Maurizio. ‘“Exiting Language,” Semiotic Systems and the Production of Subjectivity in Félix Guattari.’ In Cognitive Architecture: From Bio-politics to Noo-politics. Translated by Eric Anglés. Edited by Deborah Hauptmann and Warren Neidich, 502-521. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 2010.

Laverty, Judith and Jan Wright. “Going to the Gym: The New Urban ‘It’ Space.” In Young People, Physical Activity and the Everyday. Edited by Judith Wright and D. Macdonald, 42-55. London and New York: Routledge, 2010.

Leach, Neil. Camouflage. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.

Lee, Carol. “Locker Room Trysts Bedevil Health Clubs.” New York Times, June 16, 2005, https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/16/fashion/thursdaystyles/locker-room-trysts-bedevil-health-clubs.html

Lonsway, Brian. Making Leisure Work: Architecture and the Experience Economy. London and New York: Routledge, 2009.

Lupton, Deborah. The Imperative of Health: Public Health and the Regulated Body. London: Sage. 1995.

McGillivray, David and Matt Frew, “Aesthetics of Leisure—Disciplining Desire.” World Leisure Journal 44, no. 1 (2002): 39-47.

McSorley, Kevin. “Doing Military Fitness: Physical Culture, Civilian Leisure, and Militarism.” Critical Military Studies 2, no. 1-2 (2016): 103-119.

McSorley, Kevin. War and the Body: Militarisation, Practice and Experience. London: Routledge, 2013.

Markula, Pirkko and Richard Pringle. Foucault, Sport and Exercise: Power, Knowledge and Transforming the Self. London and New York: Routledge, 2006.

Murphy, Tim. “The Man Who Made Working Out Cool.” New York Times, April 27, 2011, accessed 3 April, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/28/fashion/28barton.html

Sassatelli, Robert. Fitness Culture: Gyms and the Commercialization of Discipline and Fun. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

Scott, Susie. Total Institutions and Reinvented Identities. London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2011.

Simmel, George. The Sociology of George Simmel. Translated by Kurt Wolff. New York, The Free Press, 1950.

Spielvogel, Laura Ginsberg. “The Discipline of Space in a Japanese Fitness Club.” Sociology of Sport Journal 19, no. 2 (2002): 189-205

Vertinsky, Patricia and Sherry McKay, eds., Disciplining Bodies in the Gymnasium: Memory, Monument, Modernism. London: Routledge, 2004.

Virilio, Paul. War and Cinema: The Logistics of Perception. London: Verso, 1989.

Waring, Amanda. “Health Club Use and “Lifestyle”: Exploring the Boundaries between Work and Leisure.” Leisure Studies 27 (2008): 295-309.

Watson, James L. “The Structure of Chinese Funerary Rites: Elementary Forms, Ritual Sequence, and the Primacy of Performance.” In Death Ritual in Late Imperial and Modern China, ed. James L. Watson and Evelyn S. Rawski. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism [1905]. Translated by Talcott Parsons. New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1963.

Williams-Grut, Oscar. “Take a Look Inside 1Rebel, The Hipster London Gym with Live Music and an Alcohol Licence.” Business Insider, 8 April, 2018, accessed 16 January, 2018, https://www.businessinsider.com.au/take-a-look-inside-1rebel-the-hipster-london-gym-with-live-music-and-an-alcohol-license-2015-12?

Wallpaper Editorial, “The Best Gyms Around the World for Design Buffs in 2018,” Wallpaper, 6 March, 2018, accessed 20 January, 2019, https://www.wallpaper.com/lifestyle/best-gyms-around-the-world-2018

Whannel, Garry. Culture, Politics and Sport: Blowing the Whistle, Revisited. Abingdon: Routledge, 2008.

White, Francesca. “These are the Best Places to Work Out in London Right Now.” Tatler, 10 August 2018, accessed 20 January, 2019, https://www.tatler.com/article/londons-most-elite-gyms

Wynne, Derek. Leisure, Lifestyle and the New Middle Class: A Case Study. London: Routledge, 1998.

Downloads

Published

2019-12-12