Mercury: An open-source simulator for the evaluation of air transport mobility

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59490/ejtir.2026.26.1.7529

Keywords:

air transportation, agent-based model, performance assessment, simulator, open-source, passengers, airline cost model, simulation as a service

Abstract

The Mercury simulator, a performance assessment platform, is a stochastic, agent-based model developed over several years during research projects. It features a detailed description of the air transportation system at the European level, including passengers and aircraft, and various important actors such as the Network Manager, airports, etc.

This article presents the possibilities offered by the simulator’s current, now open-source version. We describe the core Mercury functionalities and highlight its modularity and the possibility of its usage with other tools. We present a new interface, which supports user-friendly interaction with the simulator, exploring data input/output and parameter settings. We emphasise possible uses as a solution performance assessment tool, which is usable early in the innovation pipeline to better estimate the impact of changes and new systems in the air transportation system. We hope that opening the simulator may encourage other developers to open their models, allowing faster prototyping of new operational concepts early in the innovation pipeline and an in fine support standardisation and higher performance of simulation-based performance assessment tools.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Apache. (2023). Apache Avro (Version 1.11.3) [Computer Software]. https://avro.apache.org/

Barnhart, C., Fearing, D., & Vaze, V. (2014). Modeling passenger travel and delays in the national air transportation system. Operations Research, 62(3), 580–601. https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2014.1268

Bratu, S., & Barnhart, C. (2005). An analysis of passenger delays using flight operations and passenger booking data. Air Traffic Control Quarterly, 13(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.2514/atcq.13.1.1

Cook, A., Delgado, L., Tanner, G., & Cristóbal, S. (2016). Measuring the cost of resilience. Journal of Air Transport Management, 56, 38-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.02.007

Cook, A., & Tanner, G. (2015). European airline delay cost reference values: Updated and extended values (Version 4.1). University of Westminster. https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/publication/files/european-airline-delay-cost-reference-values-final-report-4-1.pdf

Cook, A., Tanner, G., Cristóbal, S., & Zanin, M. (2012). Passenger-oriented enhanced metrics. Second SESAR Innovation Days.

Cook, A. J., Tanner, G., Gurtner, G., Ureta, H., Cristobal, S., Belkoura, S., Gómez, I., Paul, A., Kluge, U., & Hullah, P. (2017). DATASET2050 D5.2 - Assessment execution. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/q4v11/dataset2050-d5-2-assessment-execution

CORDIS. (2022a). Coordination and support Action for Mobility in Europe: Research and assessment (CAMERA) project. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.3030/769606

CORDIS. (2022b). Data driven approach for a seamless efficient European travelling in 2050 (DATASET2050) project. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.3030/640353

CORDIS. (2022c). Market forces trade-offs impacting European ATM performance (Vista) project. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.3030/699390

CORDIS. (2023a). Behavioural economics for ATM concepts (BEACON) project. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.3030/893100

CORDIS. (2023b). Next-generation open-source tools for ATM performance modelling and optimisation (NOSTROMO) project. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.3030/892517

CORDIS. (2025). Novel tools to evaluate ATM systems coupling under future deployment scenarios (Domino) project. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.3030/783206

CORDIS. (2026). Integrated passenger-centric planning of multimodal transport networks (MultiModX) project. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.3030/101114815

Delgado, L., Blanch, A., Cristóbal, S., Martín, J. (2016). CASSIOPEIA II D3.2 - Final technical report. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/q4v68/cassiopeia-ii-d3-2-final-technical-report

Delgado, L., Bolic, T., Cook, A. J., Zareian, E., Gregori, E., & Paul, A. (2023). Modelling passengers in air-rail multimodality. Proceedings of the 11ᵗʰ EUROSIM Congress.

Delgado, L., Cook, A., Zareian, E., Bolic, T., Gregori, E., & Paul, A. (2022). Challenges of multimodal door-to-door mobility modelling. 12ᵗʰ SESAR Innovation Days.

Delgado, L., Cristobal, S., Cook, A. J., & Tanner, G. (2016). ComplexityCosts D4.5 - Final technical report. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/q4v26/complexitycosts-d4-5-final-technical-report

Delgado, L., de la Torre, D., Kuljanin, J., & Prats, X. (2024). Considering expected TMA holding into in-flight trajectory optimization. Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 67(3), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.2322/tjsass.67.109

Delgado, L., Gurtner, G., Cook, A., Martín, J., & Cristóbal, S. (2020). A multi-layer model for long-term KPI alignment forecasts for the air transportation system. Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, Article 101905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101905

Delgado, L., Gurtner, G., Cook, A. J., Pilon, N., Valput, D., Cristobal, S., & Tanner, G. (2018). Domino D4.1 - Initial model design. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/q9q47/domino-d4-1-initial-model-design

Dragoni, N., Giallorenzo, S., Lafuente, A. L., Mazzara, M., Montesi, F., Mustafin, R., & Safina, L. (2017). Microservices: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. In M. Mazzara & B. Meyer (Eds.), Present and Ulterior Software Engineering (pp. 195–216). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67425-4_12

EUROCONTROL. (n.d.-a). DDR: Demand data repository. Retrieved January, 2025, from https://www.eurocontrol.int/ddr

EUROCONTROL. (n.d.-b). R-NEST: Research network strategic monitoring tool. Retrieved January, 2025, from https://www.eurocontrol.int/solution/rnest

European Commission. (2004). Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 establishing common rules on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights, and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 295/91. Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 establishing common rules on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights, and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 295/91 [Document No. 32004R0261]. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2004/261/oj

European Commission: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation & Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport. (2011). Flightpath 2050: Europe’s vision for aviation: Maintaining global leadership and serving society’s needs. Publications Office of the European Union. https://www.doi.org/10.2777/50266

Gurtner, G., & Bolic, T. (2023a). Deliverable D5.2: Final tactical model and results. https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/documents/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e5f7897f46&appId=PPGMS

Gurtner, G., & Bolić, T. (2023b). Impact of cost approximation on the efficiency of collaborative regulation resolution mechanisms. Journal of Air Transport Management, 113, Article 102471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2023.102471

Gurtner, G., Delgado, L., & Valput, D. (2021). An agent-based model for air transportation to capture network effects in assessing delay management mechanisms. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 133, Article 103358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2021.103358

Hoekstra, J. M., & Ellerbroek, J. (2016). BlueSky ATC simulator project: An open data and open source approach. In 7ᵗʰ International Conference on Research in Air Transportation.

Kluge, U., Paul, A., Ureta, H., & Ploetner, K. O. (2018). Profiling future air transport passengers in Europe. Proceedings of 7th Transport Research Arena TRA 2018.

MagicStack. (2023). uvloop (Version 0.18.0). https://uvloop.readthedocs.io/

Mazzarisi, P., Zaoli, S., Lillo, F., Delgado, L., & Gurtner, G. (2020). New centrality and causality metrics assessing air traffic network interactions. Journal of Air Transport Management, 85, Article 101801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101801

Nuic, A., Poles, D., & Mouillet, V. (2010). BADA: An advanced aircraft performance model for present and future ATM systems. International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing, 24(10), 850-866. https://doi.org/10.1002/acs.1176

RabbitMQ. (2023). RabbitMQ -- One broker to queue them all (Version 3.11.22). https://www.rabbitmq.com

Riis, C., Antunes, F., Bolić, T., Gurtner, G., Cook, A., Azevedo, C. L., & Pereira, F. C. (2024). Explainable active learning metamodeling for simulations: Method and experiments for ATM performance assessment. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 166, Article 104788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2024.104788

Scozzaro, G., Mancel, C., Delahaye, D., & Feron, E. (2023). An ILP approach for tactical flight rescheduling during airport access mode disruptions. International Transactions in Operational Research, 31(3), 1426-1457. https://doi.org/10.1111/itor.13396

SimPy. (2023). SimPy -- Discrete-even simulation for Python (Version 4.1.1). https://simpy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html

Sun, J., Hoekstra, J. M., & Ellerbroek, J. (2020). OpenAP: An open-source aircraft performance model for air transportation studies and simulations. Aerospace, 7(8), Article 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7080104

Weiszer, M., Delgado, L., & Gurtner, G. (2024). Multimodal air-rail simulation model for evaluation of tactical disruptions. 27ᵗʰ Air Transport Research Society (ATRS) World Conference.

Wooldridge, M., Jennings, N. R., & Kinny, D. (2000). The Gaia methodology for agent-oriented analysis and design. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 3(3), 285–312. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010071910869

Zaoli, S., Mazzarisi, P., & Lillo, F. (2019). Trip centrality: Walking on a temporal multiplex with non-instantaneous link travel time. Scientific Reports, 9, Article 10570. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47115-6

Downloads

Published

2026-03-31

How to Cite

Delgado, L., Gurtner, G., Weiszer, M., Bolić, T., & Cook, A. (2026). Mercury: An open-source simulator for the evaluation of air transport mobility. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.59490/ejtir.2026.26.1.7529

Issue

Section

Research articles

Categories

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.