Vol 2 (2010)
Challenging Glass 2
Challenging Glass Conference 2 was held 20 & 21 May 2010 at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands.
The conference was organised by Freek Bos (TU Delft), Christian Louter (TU Delft) and Fred Veer (TU Delft).
The conference proceedings have been post-published by TU Delft Open.
ISBN 978-90-8570-524-6
Vol 2 (2010)
Challenging Glass 2
Challenging Glass Conference 2 was held 20 & 21 May 2010 at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands.
The conference was organised by Freek Bos (TU Delft), Christian Louter (TU Delft) and Fred Veer (TU Delft).
The conference proceedings have been post-published by TU Delft Open.
ISBN 978-90-8570-524-6
Keynote Contributions
-
Despite having become a ubiquitous material, the nature of glass continues to cause
lively scientific discussion. The science is in contrast to the use of glass in the
building industry and world of architecture, where, typically, only transparency is
considered and any manipulation of the glass is deployed to improve the glass’
performance as a cladding material. Through the discussion of a selection of
JCDA’s work, this paper will explore the potential for glass in architecture to be
considered in a manner that includes its many undeveloped properties and its
powerful potential for revealing the presence of nature in the expanding urban
public realm.Despite having become a ubiquitous material, the nature of glass continues to cause
lively scientific discussion. The science is in contrast to the use of glass in the
building industry and world of architecture, where, typically, only transparency is
considered and any manipulation of the glass is deployed to improve the glass’
performance as a cladding material. Through the discussion of a selection of
JCDA’s work, this paper will explore the potential for glass in architecture to be
considered in a manner that includes its many undeveloped properties and its
powerful potential for revealing the presence of nature in the expanding urban
public realm.Despite having become a ubiquitous material, the nature of glass continues to cause
lively scientific discussion. The science is in contrast to the use of glass in the
building industry and world of architecture, where, typically, only transparency is
considered and any manipulation...3-20 -
Architectural use of glass dates back from the beginning of our era when it was
used to make windows. Its range of chemical composition was close to that of
current flat or hollow glass, illustrating early optimization of both production
process and material properties. In modern buildings glass is ubiquitous, highly
visible as in facades or hidden as fibers for thermal insulation or for high-speed
telecommunication. This short review describes the main factors that have made
this variety of uses possible. The fundamental point is the amorphous nature of
glass, which allows pieces of any shape and size to be produced and the properties
of the material to be tailored through thermal treatments and incorporation of a host
of chemical elements in widely different proportions.Architectural use of glass dates back from the beginning of our era when it was
used to make windows. Its range of chemical composition was close to that of
current flat or hollow glass, illustrating early optimization of both production
process and material properties. In modern buildings glass is ubiquitous, highly
visible as in facades or hidden as fibers for thermal insulation or for high-speed
telecommunication. This short review describes the main factors that have made
this variety of uses possible. The fundamental point is the amorphous nature of
glass, which allows pieces of any shape and size to be produced and the properties
of the material to be tailored through thermal treatments and incorporation of a host
of chemical elements in widely different proportions.Architectural use of glass dates back from the beginning of our era when it was
used to make windows. Its range of chemical composition was close to that of
current flat or hollow glass, illustrating early optimization of both production
process and material properties. In modern...P. Richet21-34 -
The proliferation of glass elements in building assemblies yields an endless array of
fabricated components that are by nature glass-composites, resultants of myriad
material techniques and processes. Every component parameter is an opportunity
for detailed material definition in the service of a specific Architecture. Front
designs and deploys glass technologies through creative and pragmatic
collaboration seeking with our partners to opportunistically engage such materials
in appropriate and specific ways so as to realize a broad set of Architectural
intentions. The following are a series of illustrative projects using both
conventional and specialized techniques in the service of a distinct set of project
requirements and ambitions.The proliferation of glass elements in building assemblies yields an endless array of
fabricated components that are by nature glass-composites, resultants of myriad
material techniques and processes. Every component parameter is an opportunity
for detailed material definition in the service of a specific Architecture. Front
designs and deploys glass technologies through creative and pragmatic
collaboration seeking with our partners to opportunistically engage such materials
in appropriate and specific ways so as to realize a broad set of Architectural
intentions. The following are a series of illustrative projects using both
conventional and specialized techniques in the service of a distinct set of project
requirements and ambitions.The proliferation of glass elements in building assemblies yields an endless array of
fabricated components that are by nature glass-composites, resultants of myriad
material techniques and processes. Every component parameter is an opportunity
for detailed material definition in the...M. Simmons35-56 -
Today’s demand for highly transparent building envelopes which are also adaptive
and sustainable calls for innovative solutions in the glass design.Today’s demand for highly transparent building envelopes which are also adaptive
and sustainable calls for innovative solutions in the glass design.Today’s demand for highly transparent building envelopes which are also adaptive
and sustainable calls for innovative solutions in the glass design.W. Sobek, S. Feierabend, K. Puller57-68
Architectural Design, Geometries & Lighting
-
This paper introduces the development of Chinese glass building, discusses the
problems in the development, and forecasts the future of glass building in China.
There is a short but leap-forward development of Chinese glass buildings. The
paper, which uses the methodology of history research, takes Beijing as an example
to research the development of Chinese glass buildings. It divides the development
into three stages: function stage, aesthetic stage, technology stage, and describes
each stage with practical examples. It supports an objective analysis of the
development with the context of culture, economy, society’s status and technology.
Finally, the paper concludes the opportunities and challenges in current China, and
proposes that the future of Chinese glass building is integrated design.This paper introduces the development of Chinese glass building, discusses the
problems in the development, and forecasts the future of glass building in China.
There is a short but leap-forward development of Chinese glass buildings. The
paper, which uses the methodology of history research, takes Beijing as an example
to research the development of Chinese glass buildings. It divides the development
into three stages: function stage, aesthetic stage, technology stage, and describes
each stage with practical examples. It supports an objective analysis of the
development with the context of culture, economy, society’s status and technology.
Finally, the paper concludes the opportunities and challenges in current China, and
proposes that the future of Chinese glass building is integrated design.This paper introduces the development of Chinese glass building, discusses the
problems in the development, and forecasts the future of glass building in China.
There is a short but leap-forward development of Chinese glass buildings. The
paper, which uses the methodology of history...G. Cui585-594 -
During two semesters the ILEK (Institute for Lightweight Structures and
Conceptual Design) held an explorative student workshop focusing on new glass
design possibilities. Students from the faculties of Civil Engineering and
Architecture first gained insight into the theoretical foundations of glass and
different fabrication techniques, and then applied these techniques to realize a
design theme of their choosing. The range of themes was intentionally left open and
the scope of the techniques employed was correspondingly broad. For example,
flexible glass-hybrids, pure glass-glass joints and three dimensionally deformed
glass panes were created, the haptic variation of fused glass shards was studied, and
pre-deformed glass stripes fused together to generate woven glass. The objects
evolved were not intended for direct incorporation into architectural applications,
but rather as a stimulus for new glass design ideas beyond the aspect of
transparency. This paper presents a detailed description of the various objects and
the techniques employed.During two semesters the ILEK (Institute for Lightweight Structures and
Conceptual Design) held an explorative student workshop focusing on new glass
design possibilities. Students from the faculties of Civil Engineering and
Architecture first gained insight into the theoretical foundations of glass and
different fabrication techniques, and then applied these techniques to realize a
design theme of their choosing. The range of themes was intentionally left open and
the scope of the techniques employed was correspondingly broad. For example,
flexible glass-hybrids, pure glass-glass joints and three dimensionally deformed
glass panes were created, the haptic variation of fused glass shards was studied, and
pre-deformed glass stripes fused together to generate woven glass. The objects
evolved were not intended for direct incorporation into architectural applications,
but rather as a stimulus for new glass design ideas beyond the aspect...During two semesters the ILEK (Institute for Lightweight Structures and
Conceptual Design) held an explorative student workshop focusing on new glass
design possibilities. Students from the faculties of Civil Engineering and
Architecture first gained insight into the theoretical...K. Puller, ? Heinz, ? Frettlöhr, ? Denonville, W. Sobek595-598 -
Today’s demand for highly transparent building envelopes calls for innovative
solutions. Cable-stayed glass façades make it possible to dematerialize the building
envelope so as to make it almost imperceptible. Werner Sobek has designed a great
number and variety of cable-stayed façades. The primary structural system carrying
most of these façades consists of straight tension members (e.g. tension rods,
cables), typically in a parallel arrangement. The tension members transfer the dead
load of the glazing very efficiently to the supports. Under wind load the members
undergo large deflections thus activating their lateral stiffness. As a result, the
detailing of these façades requires innovative design approaches and special care to
allow for such large deflections. Besides this, each project has its individual
challenges such as a complex geometry, large openings, difficult edge conditions,
warping of IG units, bomb blast requirements, etc. The present article gives an
overview of the development of cable-stayed façades as designed by Werner Sobek
over the last 15 years. The overview includes completed projects as well as façades
currently under construction or in the design phase.Today’s demand for highly transparent building envelopes calls for innovative
solutions. Cable-stayed glass façades make it possible to dematerialize the building
envelope so as to make it almost imperceptible. Werner Sobek has designed a great
number and variety of cable-stayed façades. The primary structural system carrying
most of these façades consists of straight tension members (e.g. tension rods,
cables), typically in a parallel arrangement. The tension members transfer the dead
load of the glazing very efficiently to the supports. Under wind load the members
undergo large deflections thus activating their lateral stiffness. As a result, the
detailing of these façades requires innovative design approaches and special care to
allow for such large deflections. Besides this, each project has its individual
challenges such as a complex geometry, large openings, difficult edge conditions,
warping of IG units, bomb blast requirements, etc....Today’s demand for highly transparent building envelopes calls for innovative
solutions. Cable-stayed glass façades make it possible to dematerialize the building
envelope so as to make it almost imperceptible. Werner Sobek has designed a great
number and variety of cable-stayed...W. Sobek, S. Feierabend, L. Blandini, F. Tarazi599-608 -
The application of glazing allows the construction of very transparent roofs. To
determine a transparent structure the lightness is a measurable factor within the
subjective experience of transparency. At the example of transparent space grid
structures with axial load-bearing glazing the interaction between measureable
transparency, percept transparency and constructive criteria is analyzed. The
constructive criteria include different parameters as pre-assembling, stability,
member length, knot geometry and joint sealing. The measureable transparency
criteria include lightness and transparency values due to contrast investigation and
the percept transparency bases on a psychological study of 325 people assessing
film sequences of 3D environments.The application of glazing allows the construction of very transparent roofs. To
determine a transparent structure the lightness is a measurable factor within the
subjective experience of transparency. At the example of transparent space grid
structures with axial load-bearing glazing the interaction between measureable
transparency, percept transparency and constructive criteria is analyzed. The
constructive criteria include different parameters as pre-assembling, stability,
member length, knot geometry and joint sealing. The measureable transparency
criteria include lightness and transparency values due to contrast investigation and
the percept transparency bases on a psychological study of 325 people assessing
film sequences of 3D environments.The application of glazing allows the construction of very transparent roofs. To
determine a transparent structure the lightness is a measurable factor within the
subjective experience of transparency. At the example of transparent space grid
structures with axial load-bearing glazing...B. Weller, S. Reich, M. Górniak609-616
Curved & Bended Glass
-
The desire of modern architecture for free form structures opens a large market for
curved glass. Compared to flat glass, the production of curved glass is much more
difficult because of additional parameters through the bending process. Since there
is no standard available for curved glass in construction so far, at present the rules
for flat glass are being considered. However, several cases of damage show that the
application of curved glass needs own regulations to avoid glass breakage on the
construction site. Therefore, the Munich University of Applied Sciences and the
RWTH Aachen University have performed a research program [1] concerning the
quality control and criteria of curved glass.The desire of modern architecture for free form structures opens a large market for
curved glass. Compared to flat glass, the production of curved glass is much more
difficult because of additional parameters through the bending process. Since there
is no standard available for curved glass in construction so far, at present the rules
for flat glass are being considered. However, several cases of damage show that the
application of curved glass needs own regulations to avoid glass breakage on the
construction site. Therefore, the Munich University of Applied Sciences and the
RWTH Aachen University have performed a research program [1] concerning the
quality control and criteria of curved glass.The desire of modern architecture for free form structures opens a large market for
curved glass. Compared to flat glass, the production of curved glass is much more
difficult because of additional parameters through the bending process. Since there
is no standard available for curved...M. Feldmann, R. Kasper, Ömer Bucak, M. Illguth, M. Bues543-552 -
A ring-shaped, tubular steel/glass structure resting on 14 columns, diameter 52m, is
one main part of the art object ”ARoS Rainbow Panorama” by Olafur Eliasson on
top of the ARoS building in Aarhus, Denmark. The inner and outer walls with a
total area of nearly 1,000m² are made of colored curved glass only. The glass walls
have to carry dead loads, snow and especially wind loads and they have to
withstand deformations of the system due to live loads and temperature. The paper
at hand concentrates on the considerations of the structural design of this structure -
the leading design ideas and its load bearing behaviour.A ring-shaped, tubular steel/glass structure resting on 14 columns, diameter 52m, is
one main part of the art object ”ARoS Rainbow Panorama” by Olafur Eliasson on
top of the ARoS building in Aarhus, Denmark. The inner and outer walls with a
total area of nearly 1,000m² are made of colored curved glass only. The glass walls
have to carry dead loads, snow and especially wind loads and they have to
withstand deformations of the system due to live loads and temperature. The paper
at hand concentrates on the considerations of the structural design of this structure -
the leading design ideas and its load bearing behaviour.A ring-shaped, tubular steel/glass structure resting on 14 columns, diameter 52m, is
one main part of the art object ”ARoS Rainbow Panorama” by Olafur Eliasson on
top of the ARoS building in Aarhus, Denmark. The inner and outer walls with a
total area of nearly 1,000m² are made...S. Greiner553-562 -
A structural system for segmented barrel-vaulted glass roofs has been developed,
aiming at maximum transparency due to structural optimization. This has led to a
structural system with small connections, integrated into the glass, as well as clear,
transparent joints. Finite element analysis and a full-scale test has been performed,
showing PVB-laminated glass, 101010.4, could be sufficient to create spans up to
20 meters with slightly prestressed cables measuring just 3 mm in diameter.A structural system for segmented barrel-vaulted glass roofs has been developed,
aiming at maximum transparency due to structural optimization. This has led to a
structural system with small connections, integrated into the glass, as well as clear,
transparent joints. Finite element analysis and a full-scale test has been performed,
showing PVB-laminated glass, 101010.4, could be sufficient to create spans up to
20 meters with slightly prestressed cables measuring just 3 mm in diameter.A structural system for segmented barrel-vaulted glass roofs has been developed,
aiming at maximum transparency due to structural optimization. This has led to a
structural system with small connections, integrated into the glass, as well as clear,
transparent joints. Finite element...K. Haarhuis, F. van Herwijnen, R. Nijsse563-572 -
An essential part of the structural analysis of insulated glass is, to find values for
the inner pressure as a result the so called climatic load and the coupling effect in
these curved insulated glass units. An interesting aspect of this analysis is the
influence of the edge sealing. The edge sealing allows small movements and
rotations of the glass at the edges. Depending on the load situation the distance
between glass panes becomes longer or shorter. A range of displacements with a
value of 0.1 mm up to 0.2 mm depending on the edge system used is possible. This
displacement value is not big, but multiplied by the area of the glass panes a
difference in the effective inner pressure results, which should not be neglected.An essential part of the structural analysis of insulated glass is, to find values for
the inner pressure as a result the so called climatic load and the coupling effect in
these curved insulated glass units. An interesting aspect of this analysis is the
influence of the edge sealing. The edge sealing allows small movements and
rotations of the glass at the edges. Depending on the load situation the distance
between glass panes becomes longer or shorter. A range of displacements with a
value of 0.1 mm up to 0.2 mm depending on the edge system used is possible. This
displacement value is not big, but multiplied by the area of the glass panes a
difference in the effective inner pressure results, which should not be neglected.An essential part of the structural analysis of insulated glass is, to find values for
the inner pressure as a result the so called climatic load and the coupling effect in
these curved insulated glass units. An interesting aspect of this analysis is the
influence of the edge sealing....J. Neugebauer573-582
Glass in Facades
-
Architecture has always been interested in transparency but this characteristic has
strong implications for energy performance. For many years architecture has
neglected this factor but today, in a time when society has developed an awareness
of the carbon footprint, architecture must restructure its approach and process.
Transparency is still possible but its implications must be taken into consideration
from the very beginning of the process: when façades are designed with respect
solar exposure and the advantages of internal natural ventilation, transparency
becomes sustainable in terms of energy balance in addition to contributing to
architectural expression.Architecture has always been interested in transparency but this characteristic has
strong implications for energy performance. For many years architecture has
neglected this factor but today, in a time when society has developed an awareness
of the carbon footprint, architecture must restructure its approach and process.
Transparency is still possible but its implications must be taken into consideration
from the very beginning of the process: when façades are designed with respect
solar exposure and the advantages of internal natural ventilation, transparency
becomes sustainable in terms of energy balance in addition to contributing to
architectural expression.Architecture has always been interested in transparency but this characteristic has
strong implications for energy performance. For many years architecture has
neglected this factor but today, in a time when society has developed an awareness
of the carbon footprint, architecture must...N. Baldassini619-626 -
This paper describes a case study for the design of structural glazed IGUs for the
New Concert Hall in Reykjavik, Iceland, which is subjected to high local wind
loads of approximately 10kN/m2, with a load duration of approximately 0.1s. The
paper focuses on how to interpret the current available codes and research to obtain
a glass thickness with adequate resistance for the high short duration loads. The
paper also focuses on the wind loads to be applied when calculating the fixing
system, the structural silicone, the embedded aluminium profiles and the toggles
which fix the glass to the aluminium mullions. For short duration wind loads, then
currently available codes and guidelines only provide the equivalent glass stress for
a 3s load duration, equivalent to a kmod = 1. The paper explains how wind load from
wind tunnel tests should be used when sizing glass, and concludes how the IGUs
for the Reykjavik New Concert Hall were sized.This paper describes a case study for the design of structural glazed IGUs for the
New Concert Hall in Reykjavik, Iceland, which is subjected to high local wind
loads of approximately 10kN/m2, with a load duration of approximately 0.1s. The
paper focuses on how to interpret the current available codes and research to obtain
a glass thickness with adequate resistance for the high short duration loads. The
paper also focuses on the wind loads to be applied when calculating the fixing
system, the structural silicone, the embedded aluminium profiles and the toggles
which fix the glass to the aluminium mullions. For short duration wind loads, then
currently available codes and guidelines only provide the equivalent glass stress for
a 3s load duration, equivalent to a kmod = 1. The paper explains how wind load from
wind tunnel tests should be used when sizing glass, and concludes how the IGUs
for the Reykjavik New Concert Hall were sized.This paper describes a case study for the design of structural glazed IGUs for the
New Concert Hall in Reykjavik, Iceland, which is subjected to high local wind
loads of approximately 10kN/m2, with a load duration of approximately 0.1s. The
paper focuses on how to interpret the...T. Henriksen, S. O. Hansen627-637 -
In this paper a case study is presented relating to the redesign of an office building
dating from the 1960s. Especially the detailing and the structural complexity of
designing the new double skin façade are described. The building consists of a twostorey
podium topped by a nine-storey tower, the overall height is 40m above
ground level. In order to optimise the building's energy efficiency and present the
public a modern appearance the whole building is completely renovated. The
existing building envelope which mainly consisted of prefabricated concrete
elements was dismantled and is now replaced by a transparent floor to floor double
skin façade. Within the renovation two new storeys (12th and 13th floor) are added.In this paper a case study is presented relating to the redesign of an office building
dating from the 1960s. Especially the detailing and the structural complexity of
designing the new double skin façade are described. The building consists of a twostorey
podium topped by a nine-storey tower, the overall height is 40m above
ground level. In order to optimise the building's energy efficiency and present the
public a modern appearance the whole building is completely renovated. The
existing building envelope which mainly consisted of prefabricated concrete
elements was dismantled and is now replaced by a transparent floor to floor double
skin façade. Within the renovation two new storeys (12th and 13th floor) are added.In this paper a case study is presented relating to the redesign of an office building
dating from the 1960s. Especially the detailing and the structural complexity of
designing the new double skin façade are described. The building consists of a twostorey
podium topped by a...I. Maniatis, B. Siebert637-644 -
This paper is focussing on the development and opportunities for new façade
concepts. In a survey on the possibilities for energy saving in the supply chain of
the Dutch glass industry it appeared that there are major opportunities for
applications of glass in the European building stock. The integral application of
several glass products was the basis for the development of a new façade concept.
Apart from saving energy this concept also solves some major problems in the
construction industry and the refurbishment of the European building stock.
Therefore this paper also contains information about shortcomings and
developments in the European construction industry as well as the scale and
characteristics of the European building stock suitable for the application of the
new concept.This paper is focussing on the development and opportunities for new façade
concepts. In a survey on the possibilities for energy saving in the supply chain of
the Dutch glass industry it appeared that there are major opportunities for
applications of glass in the European building stock. The integral application of
several glass products was the basis for the development of a new façade concept.
Apart from saving energy this concept also solves some major problems in the
construction industry and the refurbishment of the European building stock.
Therefore this paper also contains information about shortcomings and
developments in the European construction industry as well as the scale and
characteristics of the European building stock suitable for the application of the
new concept.This paper is focussing on the development and opportunities for new façade
concepts. In a survey on the possibilities for energy saving in the supply chain of
the Dutch glass industry it appeared that there are major opportunities for
applications of glass in the European building...L. Moonen, J. Lichtenberg645-654 -
The initial conceptual ‘wild idea’ for the INHolland project by architect Rijk Rietveld,
New York, was elaborated through different design brainstorms towards a radical
innovative system for ultra-slim glass façades. In this façade system insulated glass
panels of a depth of maximum 50 mm are integrated with internal pre-stressed
structural composite cables, stabilising the façade against wind forces. Dead weight
to be taken over by vertical deadweight rods in between the vertical silicone seams
between the panels. The insulated glass panels are sealed by composite spacer frames.
Many different solitary tests were done with the sealing and the carbon fibre
components, with adhesion of silicone sealant on the carbon fibre frames and on the
perforation of the carbon fibre used through the frames. In the actual engineering
phase structural analysis was performed and tests on several levels were executed.
The composite frames were substituted by conventional metal frames. Due to the
refusal by the glass panel manufacturer to supply a guarantee on inadequate number
of tests with inadequate quality, the integrated system had to be changed into a duosystem
with internal pre-stressed cables and integrated dead weight suspension rods.
The façade had to keep in pace with the progress on site.The initial conceptual ‘wild idea’ for the INHolland project by architect Rijk Rietveld,
New York, was elaborated through different design brainstorms towards a radical
innovative system for ultra-slim glass façades. In this façade system insulated glass
panels of a depth of maximum 50 mm are integrated with internal pre-stressed
structural composite cables, stabilising the façade against wind forces. Dead weight
to be taken over by vertical deadweight rods in between the vertical silicone seams
between the panels. The insulated glass panels are sealed by composite spacer frames.
Many different solitary tests were done with the sealing and the carbon fibre
components, with adhesion of silicone sealant on the carbon fibre frames and on the
perforation of the carbon fibre used through the frames. In the actual engineering
phase structural analysis was performed and tests on several levels were executed.
The composite frames were substituted...The initial conceptual ‘wild idea’ for the INHolland project by architect Rijk Rietveld,
New York, was elaborated through different design brainstorms towards a radical
innovative system for ultra-slim glass façades. In this façade system insulated glass
panels of a depth of...M. Eekhout, P. de Rotten655-664 -
Glass as a building material is used in a multitude of new applications like modern
glass facades or roof constructions. Important points in these times are a
contribution to a positive energy balance. So the application of solar panels
becomes more and more important. Until now most applications are standard
applications with framed panels on roofs or installations on fields. More and more
attractive applications from the architectural point of view are built or are under
construction. There are on the one hand side different techniques to combine the
photovoltaic element with the glass pane. The possible glass sizes are increasing, so
there are many new ways of application. On the other hand side there are different
possibilities of the fixing of the solar panel: Linear or in points. First some basics
about the topics glass and solar are explained. The "traditional" systems for fixing
of solar panels and also new systems are presented very short. In addition technical
aspects like principle design rules, static calculation of solar panels and substructure
are presented. Built examples with solar panels are presented.Glass as a building material is used in a multitude of new applications like modern
glass facades or roof constructions. Important points in these times are a
contribution to a positive energy balance. So the application of solar panels
becomes more and more important. Until now most applications are standard
applications with framed panels on roofs or installations on fields. More and more
attractive applications from the architectural point of view are built or are under
construction. There are on the one hand side different techniques to combine the
photovoltaic element with the glass pane. The possible glass sizes are increasing, so
there are many new ways of application. On the other hand side there are different
possibilities of the fixing of the solar panel: Linear or in points. First some basics
about the topics glass and solar are explained. The "traditional" systems for fixing
of solar panels and also new systems are presented very...Glass as a building material is used in a multitude of new applications like modern
glass facades or roof constructions. Important points in these times are a
contribution to a positive energy balance. So the application of solar panels
becomes more and more important. Until now most...B. Siebert, G. Siebert665-674 -
Buildings are emerging with an increasing degree of geometrical variation. As yet
no scheme categorises data on the basis of non-orthogonal geometries applied. The
author proposes an easily accessible morphological scheme which for example,
enables data to be retrieved on sustainable performance of glass types as related to
the distinctive building shapes. The scheme focuses on high-rises; in a later version
buildings with less prominent vertical character will be included. The shaping of
most non-orthogonal buildings is related to developments in modeling software.
The morphological scheme is based on software manipulations to describe shaping,
not on mathematical formulae. As software develops, new ways of form generating
and new shapes emerge. In consequence the shaping scheme gradually will be
updated. The scheme can be made accessible both in printed version by
illustrations, as in digitised form, for example by keywords. The scheme is
illustrated by examples of overall shaping. Trends in the applications of types of
curved glass are briefly discussed.Buildings are emerging with an increasing degree of geometrical variation. As yet
no scheme categorises data on the basis of non-orthogonal geometries applied. The
author proposes an easily accessible morphological scheme which for example,
enables data to be retrieved on sustainable performance of glass types as related to
the distinctive building shapes. The scheme focuses on high-rises; in a later version
buildings with less prominent vertical character will be included. The shaping of
most non-orthogonal buildings is related to developments in modeling software.
The morphological scheme is based on software manipulations to describe shaping,
not on mathematical formulae. As software develops, new ways of form generating
and new shapes emerge. In consequence the shaping scheme gradually will be
updated. The scheme can be made accessible both in printed version by
illustrations, as in digitised form, for example by keywords. The scheme...Buildings are emerging with an increasing degree of geometrical variation. As yet
no scheme categorises data on the basis of non-orthogonal geometries applied. The
author proposes an easily accessible morphological scheme which for example,
enables data to be retrieved on sustainable...K. Vollers675-684 -
The remodelling of the entrance of St. David’s Hall in Cardiff features an array of
translucent and partially pigmented structural glass fins with artistic lighting. The
fins are composed of 2 x 10 mm toughened glass incorporating a red screen frit and
acid etching. The fins are 300 mm deep and up to 5 m long, supported by a stainless
steel shoe bracket at the bottom and a fork bracket in the upper zone of the fin.
Only by using a stiff Ionoplast interlayer the fins could be designed to suit the load
bearing capacity of the existing structure. The robustness and safety of the design
was demonstrated by a series of impact tests.The remodelling of the entrance of St. David’s Hall in Cardiff features an array of
translucent and partially pigmented structural glass fins with artistic lighting. The
fins are composed of 2 x 10 mm toughened glass incorporating a red screen frit and
acid etching. The fins are 300 mm deep and up to 5 m long, supported by a stainless
steel shoe bracket at the bottom and a fork bracket in the upper zone of the fin.
Only by using a stiff Ionoplast interlayer the fins could be designed to suit the load
bearing capacity of the existing structure. The robustness and safety of the design
was demonstrated by a series of impact tests.The remodelling of the entrance of St. David’s Hall in Cardiff features an array of
translucent and partially pigmented structural glass fins with artistic lighting. The
fins are composed of 2 x 10 mm toughened glass incorporating a red screen frit and
acid etching. The fins are 300...J. Wurm685-694
Joints, Fixings & Adhesives
-
For the design of load carrying glazing structures the connection technique plays an
important role, as e.g. there are significant stress concentrations in the vicinity of
holes that are subject to a point-like support of glass panes. If no further
constructional means are provided, the stress peaks cannot be redistributed and thus
a sudden brittle failure is likely to occur. In particular this concerns bolts in
bearings of drilled glass holes as long as no ductile stress distributing interlayers in
the clearance between hole bearing and bolt shank is provided. In the article, a
simple design formula for glass joints with bolts in bearings is suggested that is
based on an analytical approach where the local stress distributions coming on the
one hand from the bearing pressure and on the other hand from the net section
stress concentrations are superposed, and both for which the solutions according to
AIRY’s differential equation are found resp. used further on. By this the relevant
stresses in dependence on the acting design force, the hole diameter and the pane
thickness can be determined without performing complex and time consuming
Finite Element calculations.For the design of load carrying glazing structures the connection technique plays an
important role, as e.g. there are significant stress concentrations in the vicinity of
holes that are subject to a point-like support of glass panes. If no further
constructional means are provided, the stress peaks cannot be redistributed and thus
a sudden brittle failure is likely to occur. In particular this concerns bolts in
bearings of drilled glass holes as long as no ductile stress distributing interlayers in
the clearance between hole bearing and bolt shank is provided. In the article, a
simple design formula for glass joints with bolts in bearings is suggested that is
based on an analytical approach where the local stress distributions coming on the
one hand from the bearing pressure and on the other hand from the net section
stress concentrations are superposed, and both for which the solutions according to
AIRY’s differential equation are found resp....For the design of load carrying glazing structures the connection technique plays an
important role, as e.g. there are significant stress concentrations in the vicinity of
holes that are subject to a point-like support of glass panes. If no further
constructional means are provided,...M. Baitinger, M. Feldmann237-246 -
To realize architectural attractive transparent and lightweight constructions bonded
hybrid steel-glass beams have been developed, where flanges of steel and webs of
glass are assembled to I-shaped profiles using adhesives. The load-bearing capacity
of such beams is governed – apart from the mechanical and strength characteristics
of the adherent - by ageing, temperature and creeping. By means of small scale
push-out-tests the properties of different adhesive geometries, the influence of the
manufacturing process and the general load carrying behaviour of bonded hybrid
steel-glass-beams are shown.To realize architectural attractive transparent and lightweight constructions bonded
hybrid steel-glass beams have been developed, where flanges of steel and webs of
glass are assembled to I-shaped profiles using adhesives. The load-bearing capacity
of such beams is governed – apart from the mechanical and strength characteristics
of the adherent - by ageing, temperature and creeping. By means of small scale
push-out-tests the properties of different adhesive geometries, the influence of the
manufacturing process and the general load carrying behaviour of bonded hybrid
steel-glass-beams are shown.To realize architectural attractive transparent and lightweight constructions bonded
hybrid steel-glass beams have been developed, where flanges of steel and webs of
glass are assembled to I-shaped profiles using adhesives. The load-bearing capacity
of such beams is governed – apart...M. Feldmann, B. Abeln, M. Baitinger247-256 -
Experiments using material specimen of the Silicone adhesive on the one hand and
several point support designs on the other hand provide valuable know-how for
favourable layout from engineering point of view. The comparison of uni-axial
material tests based on dog-bone specimens, of H-type specimens of ETAG 002
type and of circular and rectangular point supports show different working
principles of the adhesive material. Test results on planar point supports and
comparison with other point support designs show similarities in terms of
applicable limit stresses. For advanced point support designs, these similarities
might be affected by the support geometry leading to local stress peaks.Experiments using material specimen of the Silicone adhesive on the one hand and
several point support designs on the other hand provide valuable know-how for
favourable layout from engineering point of view. The comparison of uni-axial
material tests based on dog-bone specimens, of H-type specimens of ETAG 002
type and of circular and rectangular point supports show different working
principles of the adhesive material. Test results on planar point supports and
comparison with other point support designs show similarities in terms of
applicable limit stresses. For advanced point support designs, these similarities
might be affected by the support geometry leading to local stress peaks.Experiments using material specimen of the Silicone adhesive on the one hand and
several point support designs on the other hand provide valuable know-how for
favourable layout from engineering point of view. The comparison of uni-axial
material tests based on dog-bone specimens, of...A. Hagl257-266 -
Due to the intensive progress and research on the field of glass structures,
possibilities for using glass as a load carrying elements are increasing every day.
Different types of hybrid constructions, consisting of glass and another material, are
analyzed or even newly developed focusing on an optimal structural interaction
between both materials and in respect to architectural, static-structural and
fabrication criteria. Glued joint, realized by polymer adhesive is very often the key
element of whole composite structure, therefore also the key aspect of research,
development and numerical modeling. This paper deals with the research pointed
on the description of different adhesive behaviour under increasing load, ultimate
carrying capacity of the area glued joints according to the thickness of the adhesive
layer and working FE models of polymer adhesives, transferred from industry to
glass construction design (epoxies, acrylics, polyurethanes, silicones).Due to the intensive progress and research on the field of glass structures,
possibilities for using glass as a load carrying elements are increasing every day.
Different types of hybrid constructions, consisting of glass and another material, are
analyzed or even newly developed focusing on an optimal structural interaction
between both materials and in respect to architectural, static-structural and
fabrication criteria. Glued joint, realized by polymer adhesive is very often the key
element of whole composite structure, therefore also the key aspect of research,
development and numerical modeling. This paper deals with the research pointed
on the description of different adhesive behaviour under increasing load, ultimate
carrying capacity of the area glued joints according to the thickness of the adhesive
layer and working FE models of polymer adhesives, transferred from industry to
glass construction design (epoxies, acrylics, polyurethanes,...Due to the intensive progress and research on the field of glass structures,
possibilities for using glass as a load carrying elements are increasing every day.
Different types of hybrid constructions, consisting of glass and another material, are
analyzed or even newly developed...M. Netusil, M. Eliasova267-274
Laminated Glass & Interlayer Properties
-
Influence of Temperature on Post-Breakage Behaviour of Laminated Glass Beams : Experimental Approach
The assessment of the post-breakage performances of laminated glass elements
used in construction need to take into account the sensitivity to the temperature of
the mechanical behaviour and properties of the product, in particular of the
interlayer material. A general problem statement and an overview of different
experimental approaches are firstly presented. Then results of specific orientation
tests on pre-cracked laminated glass beams with a stiff interlayer of DuPont carried
at three different temperatures (23, 45 and 60°C) are presented and commented. A
comparison of the mechanical behaviour at the different temperatures is done,
aiming to give a comprehensive order of magnitude of the sensitivity to
temperature of the post-breakage behaviour observed during the tests.The assessment of the post-breakage performances of laminated glass elements
used in construction need to take into account the sensitivity to the temperature of
the mechanical behaviour and properties of the product, in particular of the
interlayer material. A general problem statement and an overview of different
experimental approaches are firstly presented. Then results of specific orientation
tests on pre-cracked laminated glass beams with a stiff interlayer of DuPont carried
at three different temperatures (23, 45 and 60°C) are presented and commented. A
comparison of the mechanical behaviour at the different temperatures is done,
aiming to give a comprehensive order of magnitude of the sensitivity to
temperature of the post-breakage behaviour observed during the tests.The assessment of the post-breakage performances of laminated glass elements
used in construction need to take into account the sensitivity to the temperature of
the mechanical behaviour and properties of the product, in particular of the
interlayer material. A general problem...D. Delincé, D. Callewaert, J. Belis, R. van Impe, F. Galmart, N. Matthijs405-412 -
This paper investigates whether a novel computational sequentially linear analysis
(SLA) technique, which is especially developed for modeling brittle material
response, is applicable for modeling the structural response of metal reinforced
glass beams. To do so, computational SLA results are compared with experimental
results of four-point bending tests. The results show similarities in loaddisplacement
curves and to some extent also in cracking behaviour. Overall, it is
concluded that the SLA scheme is a very promising technique to model the
structural response of reinforced glass beams, which will be even further improved
in future research.This paper investigates whether a novel computational sequentially linear analysis
(SLA) technique, which is especially developed for modeling brittle material
response, is applicable for modeling the structural response of metal reinforced
glass beams. To do so, computational SLA results are compared with experimental
results of four-point bending tests. The results show similarities in loaddisplacement
curves and to some extent also in cracking behaviour. Overall, it is
concluded that the SLA scheme is a very promising technique to model the
structural response of reinforced glass beams, which will be even further improved
in future research.This paper investigates whether a novel computational sequentially linear analysis
(SLA) technique, which is especially developed for modeling brittle material
response, is applicable for modeling the structural response of metal reinforced
glass beams. To do so, computational SLA...C. Louter, A. van de Graaf, J. Rots425-434 -
This paper investigates the possibilities of pultruded glass fibre rods as embedded
reinforcement in SentryGlas (SG) laminated glass beams. To do so, a series of pullout
tests, to investigate the bond strength of the rods to the laminate, and a series of
beam tests, to investigate the post-breakage response of the beams, have been
performed. Both test series have been conducted for round E-glass fibre rods and
flat S-glass fibre rods. The pull-out tests showed superior pull-out strength of the
flat rods, due to their large bond area. Furthermore, the beam tests showed superior
post-breakage performance of the beams with the flat rods, due to higher strength
and stiffness of the S-glass fibres. Overall, it is concluded that embedding glass
fibre reinforcement in a SG-laminated glass beam is a very promising concept.This paper investigates the possibilities of pultruded glass fibre rods as embedded
reinforcement in SentryGlas (SG) laminated glass beams. To do so, a series of pullout
tests, to investigate the bond strength of the rods to the laminate, and a series of
beam tests, to investigate the post-breakage response of the beams, have been
performed. Both test series have been conducted for round E-glass fibre rods and
flat S-glass fibre rods. The pull-out tests showed superior pull-out strength of the
flat rods, due to their large bond area. Furthermore, the beam tests showed superior
post-breakage performance of the beams with the flat rods, due to higher strength
and stiffness of the S-glass fibres. Overall, it is concluded that embedding glass
fibre reinforcement in a SG-laminated glass beam is a very promising concept.This paper investigates the possibilities of pultruded glass fibre rods as embedded
reinforcement in SentryGlas (SG) laminated glass beams. To do so, a series of pullout
tests, to investigate the bond strength of the rods to the laminate, and a series of
beam tests, to investigate the...C. Louter, C. Leung, H. Kolstein, J. Vambersky435-446 -
The use of in-plane loaded glass panes allows for highly transparent and material
efficient structures. This research focuses on the design of a transparent and safe
column in glass and steel, in which an extremely slender steel column is laterally
supported by in-plane loaded glass panes. Full-scale experiments have been carried
out to determine the stability behaviour of the glass-steel column and to obtain
valuable data to calibrate a Finite Element model. Most importantly, it is shown
that the concept of the glass-steel column is perfectly feasible.The use of in-plane loaded glass panes allows for highly transparent and material
efficient structures. This research focuses on the design of a transparent and safe
column in glass and steel, in which an extremely slender steel column is laterally
supported by in-plane loaded glass panes. Full-scale experiments have been carried
out to determine the stability behaviour of the glass-steel column and to obtain
valuable data to calibrate a Finite Element model. Most importantly, it is shown
that the concept of the glass-steel column is perfectly feasible.The use of in-plane loaded glass panes allows for highly transparent and material
efficient structures. This research focuses on the design of a transparent and safe
column in glass and steel, in which an extremely slender steel column is laterally
supported by in-plane loaded glass...F. Roebroek, B. Snijder, F. van Herwijnen, E Huveners447-456 -
Large glass floor plates are usually designed as laminates of three or more glass
leaves, bonded together with an interlayer. This means that, in the event of
accidental breakage, the entire plate must be replaced, sometimes at considerable
cost. In addition, where access is difficult, the costs and the disruption to the
owner’s operations are increased. Finally, it is difficult to recycle laminated glass.
An alternative is outlined whereby a sacrificial layer is loose laid on top of the
structural laminate. In the event of breakage, only this top layer is replaced, with
the lower structural laminate remaining in place to provide safety throughout the
operation. This design differs from the conventional construction where the top
sheet is bonded to the rest. An in situ trial was carried out, and this proved the
effectiveness of the loose laid approach.Large glass floor plates are usually designed as laminates of three or more glass
leaves, bonded together with an interlayer. This means that, in the event of
accidental breakage, the entire plate must be replaced, sometimes at considerable
cost. In addition, where access is difficult, the costs and the disruption to the
owner’s operations are increased. Finally, it is difficult to recycle laminated glass.
An alternative is outlined whereby a sacrificial layer is loose laid on top of the
structural laminate. In the event of breakage, only this top layer is replaced, with
the lower structural laminate remaining in place to provide safety throughout the
operation. This design differs from the conventional construction where the top
sheet is bonded to the rest. An in situ trial was carried out, and this proved the
effectiveness of the loose laid approach.Large glass floor plates are usually designed as laminates of three or more glass
leaves, bonded together with an interlayer. This means that, in the event of
accidental breakage, the entire plate must be replaced, sometimes at considerable
cost. In addition, where access is...J. Sakula457-464 -
In this contribution we examine the mechanical behavior of laminated glass and
show that improvements in performance may be achieved through the use of a stiff,
structural, non-PVB, interlayer. Enhancements in mechanical properties, such as
strength, creep, post-glass breakage coupled with enhancements in durability and
materials compatibility, are provided with a stiff Ionomere interlayer that extends
the performance of laminated glass well beyond the established PVB limits. The
use of analysis tools based on finite elements and effective thickness methods is
also presented. Such tools allow the designer to optimize the performance of
laminated glass and take full advantage of the performance attributes of an
Ionomere interlayer. Examples are given of projects where such a structural
interlayer provides enabling technology and the most cost-effective, value
engineered design solution.In this contribution we examine the mechanical behavior of laminated glass and
show that improvements in performance may be achieved through the use of a stiff,
structural, non-PVB, interlayer. Enhancements in mechanical properties, such as
strength, creep, post-glass breakage coupled with enhancements in durability and
materials compatibility, are provided with a stiff Ionomere interlayer that extends
the performance of laminated glass well beyond the established PVB limits. The
use of analysis tools based on finite elements and effective thickness methods is
also presented. Such tools allow the designer to optimize the performance of
laminated glass and take full advantage of the performance attributes of an
Ionomere interlayer. Examples are given of projects where such a structural
interlayer provides enabling technology and the most cost-effective, value
engineered design solution.In this contribution we examine the mechanical behavior of laminated glass and
show that improvements in performance may be achieved through the use of a stiff,
structural, non-PVB, interlayer. Enhancements in mechanical properties, such as
strength, creep, post-glass breakage coupled...I. Stelzer465-474 -
The bending stiffness of insulating glass units can be significantly improved by
including an aluminium honeycomb core continuously bonded to both glass panes.
This arrangement also offers a number of additional advantages, ranging from an
improved post-breakage behaviour to a particular translucent look. This paper
provides an overview of the structural, thermal and visual advantages and
drawbacks of glass-honeycomb composite panels and also describes its
development, testing and fabrication method. Finally, a design method is proposed.The bending stiffness of insulating glass units can be significantly improved by
including an aluminium honeycomb core continuously bonded to both glass panes.
This arrangement also offers a number of additional advantages, ranging from an
improved post-breakage behaviour to a particular translucent look. This paper
provides an overview of the structural, thermal and visual advantages and
drawbacks of glass-honeycomb composite panels and also describes its
development, testing and fabrication method. Finally, a design method is proposed.The bending stiffness of insulating glass units can be significantly improved by
including an aluminium honeycomb core continuously bonded to both glass panes.
This arrangement also offers a number of additional advantages, ranging from an
improved post-breakage behaviour to a...C. Teixidor475-484 -
Steel-glass beams consisting of steel flanges and a glass web connected by bonding
represent a new kind of transparent structural members. This paper deals with the
particular structural behaviour of flexible composed hybrid beams regarding
specific material characteristics of steel, glass and particularly adhesive, which is
decisive for structural behaviour.Steel-glass beams consisting of steel flanges and a glass web connected by bonding
represent a new kind of transparent structural members. This paper deals with the
particular structural behaviour of flexible composed hybrid beams regarding
specific material characteristics of steel, glass and particularly adhesive, which is
decisive for structural behaviour.Steel-glass beams consisting of steel flanges and a glass web connected by bonding
represent a new kind of transparent structural members. This paper deals with the
particular structural behaviour of flexible composed hybrid beams regarding
specific material characteristics of steel,...D. Ungermann, E. Preckwinkel485-494 -
A research project at the Institute of Building Construction explores composite
beams made of glass and transparent polycarbonate. These beams consist of one
inner polycarbonate sheet and two outer panes of glass and are bonded by a
transparent adhesive. Several experimental tests demonstrated that the glasspolycarbonate
beams can behave in a ductile manner when the load-bearing
capacity is exceeded. Furthermore, a high residual load-bearing capacity after
complete glass-breakage exists. On the contrary, typical laminated glass beams fail
in cases of complete glass breakage despite the PVB-foil used. Tests with the
composite beams made of glass and polycarbonate were carried out with varying
cross-sections, glass types and loadings. Moreover, the different elongations due to
temperature were investigated in climate tests.A research project at the Institute of Building Construction explores composite
beams made of glass and transparent polycarbonate. These beams consist of one
inner polycarbonate sheet and two outer panes of glass and are bonded by a
transparent adhesive. Several experimental tests demonstrated that the glasspolycarbonate
beams can behave in a ductile manner when the load-bearing
capacity is exceeded. Furthermore, a high residual load-bearing capacity after
complete glass-breakage exists. On the contrary, typical laminated glass beams fail
in cases of complete glass breakage despite the PVB-foil used. Tests with the
composite beams made of glass and polycarbonate were carried out with varying
cross-sections, glass types and loadings. Moreover, the different elongations due to
temperature were investigated in climate tests.A research project at the Institute of Building Construction explores composite
beams made of glass and transparent polycarbonate. These beams consist of one
inner polycarbonate sheet and two outer panes of glass and are bonded by a
transparent adhesive. Several experimental tests...B. Weller, K. Härth495-504 -
Starting with a short summary about chemical and physical fundamentals of
different interlayer materials, this article gives an overview about the thermal
stability of these analyzed materials. Interlayer of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) as well
as ionomers like SentryGlas (SG) are subjects of this investigation. Due to the
chemical structure, the materials show differences in their thermal stability and
their degradation processes. The decomposition behaviour will be characterized by
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) to analyze and identify the envolved gases from constituents volatilized
during thermal stress. Such analyses give information about changes in the optical
and mechanical properties of the polymeric interlayer, which can occur in cases of a
permanently raised temperature and cause discoloration, delamination or blistering
of the interlayer.Starting with a short summary about chemical and physical fundamentals of
different interlayer materials, this article gives an overview about the thermal
stability of these analyzed materials. Interlayer of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) as well
as ionomers like SentryGlas (SG) are subjects of this investigation. Due to the
chemical structure, the materials show differences in their thermal stability and
their degradation processes. The decomposition behaviour will be characterized by
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) to analyze and identify the envolved gases from constituents volatilized
during thermal stress. Such analyses give information about changes in the optical
and mechanical properties of the polymeric interlayer, which can occur in cases of a
permanently raised temperature and cause discoloration, delamination or blistering
of the interlayer.Starting with a short summary about chemical and physical fundamentals of
different interlayer materials, this article gives an overview about the thermal
stability of these analyzed materials. Interlayer of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) as well
as ionomers like SentryGlas (SG) are subjects...B. Weller, C. Kothe, M. Kothe505-514 -
Glass used in structural applications enables a higher level of transparency in façades.
However, attention should be paid to the material specific properties, such as
brittleness and its incapability of plastic deformation. Laminated glass beams may
improve several properties due to the elastic behaviour of the interlayer material.
Contrary to laminated panes, which are subject to plate bending, laminated beams
lose all their bearing capacity in case all individual plies are broken. The presented
hybrid beams that are composed of glass and steel and bonded together with a
transparent acrylate adhesive are developed to improve the post-breakage performance
of transparent beams. Hybrid beams, therefore, offer a variety of potential applications
in façades and glass structures. Within this research, a number of hybrid
beams with different cross sections and combinations of glass and steel were tested.
The results confirm a better structural behaviour of hybrid beams in comparison
with conventional laminated glass beams.Glass used in structural applications enables a higher level of transparency in façades.
However, attention should be paid to the material specific properties, such as
brittleness and its incapability of plastic deformation. Laminated glass beams may
improve several properties due to the elastic behaviour of the interlayer material.
Contrary to laminated panes, which are subject to plate bending, laminated beams
lose all their bearing capacity in case all individual plies are broken. The presented
hybrid beams that are composed of glass and steel and bonded together with a
transparent acrylate adhesive are developed to improve the post-breakage performance
of transparent beams. Hybrid beams, therefore, offer a variety of potential applications
in façades and glass structures. Within this research, a number of hybrid
beams with different cross sections and combinations of glass and steel were tested.
The results confirm a better structural...Glass used in structural applications enables a higher level of transparency in façades.
However, attention should be paid to the material specific properties, such as
brittleness and its incapability of plastic deformation. Laminated glass beams may
improve several properties due to...B. Weller, A. Meier, T. Weimar523-531 -
Frameless glass-to-glass PV-modules are exposed to a wide range of weather
conditions, depending on their destined place of installation. Numerous aspects
affect the mechanical stability as well as the mechanical durability under static and
dynamic load conditions. These aspects are presented and discussed in detail. The
structure of a glass-to-glass PV-module shows many similar features as a laminated
glazing element in façades, which allows adopting knowledge from the structural
use of glass in buildings. However, in some aspects, typical PV-modules show
characteristic features, which significantly differ from standard laminated glass.
The experience of using glass in buildings and the specific needs of the industry
provide a fundamental basis for the development of innovative support and
reinforcing systems. The research activities cover dynamic studies to assess the
durability of PV-modules.Frameless glass-to-glass PV-modules are exposed to a wide range of weather
conditions, depending on their destined place of installation. Numerous aspects
affect the mechanical stability as well as the mechanical durability under static and
dynamic load conditions. These aspects are presented and discussed in detail. The
structure of a glass-to-glass PV-module shows many similar features as a laminated
glazing element in façades, which allows adopting knowledge from the structural
use of glass in buildings. However, in some aspects, typical PV-modules show
characteristic features, which significantly differ from standard laminated glass.
The experience of using glass in buildings and the specific needs of the industry
provide a fundamental basis for the development of innovative support and
reinforcing systems. The research activities cover dynamic studies to assess the
durability of PV-modules.Frameless glass-to-glass PV-modules are exposed to a wide range of weather
conditions, depending on their destined place of installation. Numerous aspects
affect the mechanical stability as well as the mechanical durability under static and
dynamic load conditions. These aspects are...B. Weller, L. Tautenhahn515-522 -
Transparency is one of the significant features of modern architecture. By utilising
transparent materials the feeling of lightness can be conveyed. This paper shows the
possibility of employing transparent plastic as a load-bearing element. In order to
be able to use a new material as part of the building structure it is essential to know
its mechanical behaviour under various conditions like different temperatures,
environmental impacts or the load duration. Proposals for the design of structural
elements that consist of these materials are still rare up to now since plastics are
still fairly new to the building industry. By combining transparent with
conventional building materials it is possible to merge transparency and strength in
a girder that comprises a combination of transparent thermoplastics and wood.Transparency is one of the significant features of modern architecture. By utilising
transparent materials the feeling of lightness can be conveyed. This paper shows the
possibility of employing transparent plastic as a load-bearing element. In order to
be able to use a new material as part of the building structure it is essential to know
its mechanical behaviour under various conditions like different temperatures,
environmental impacts or the load duration. Proposals for the design of structural
elements that consist of these materials are still rare up to now since plastics are
still fairly new to the building industry. By combining transparent with
conventional building materials it is possible to merge transparency and strength in
a girder that comprises a combination of transparent thermoplastics and wood.Transparency is one of the significant features of modern architecture. By utilising
transparent materials the feeling of lightness can be conveyed. This paper shows the
possibility of employing transparent plastic as a load-bearing element. In order to
be able to use a new material...J.-D. Wörner, C. Eckhardt531-540
Projects & Case studies
-
In 1992 Walter Lockefeer and Mick Eekhout designed an office for the Glass
Association in Gouda with a flamboyant glass envelope, which ended as runner-up in
an architectural competition. The design was classical in architectural sense and
futuristic in technical sense: it contained a pre-stressed glass membrane. In 2002
Octatube introduced the use of twisted tempered glass panels in the realization of the
City Hall of Alphen aan den Rijn NL. Since then further research of the structural
behaviour of twisted glass panels has been carried out by Dries Staaks, leading to a
profound knowledge about its quantitative behaviour as well as quantitative approach
on stresses and stability. The latter is referred to as the “Law of Staaks”. On the basis
of the developed theory the application of twisted panels has been extended and
proven to be a valuable contribution in order to realise free form twisted glass
envelopes. Although the theory was investigated and set up after the first application
in Alphen, it was only after establishment of this very theory that several buildings
could be provided with accurately engineered twisted roofs and flat roofs with twisted
parts, where the glass panels were even insulated / laminated glass panels. The 1992
design, which was not chosen out of disbelief concerning the innovative state of its
glass façade, could be entirely built today from the trustworthy glass technology. The
integral innovation approach as a bridge between fundamental research, technical
development and application design, each with its own habits and peculiarities, but in
mutual understanding and support, shows that integral incremental developments on
many levels pay off and produce new technologies for use in architecture. This
contribution ends with the application of a glass roof for a warped glass roof surface,
making use of the maximum cold warping possibilities of laminated glass panels.In 1992 Walter Lockefeer and Mick Eekhout designed an office for the Glass
Association in Gouda with a flamboyant glass envelope, which ended as runner-up in
an architectural competition. The design was classical in architectural sense and
futuristic in technical sense: it contained a pre-stressed glass membrane. In 2002
Octatube introduced the use of twisted tempered glass panels in the realization of the
City Hall of Alphen aan den Rijn NL. Since then further research of the structural
behaviour of twisted glass panels has been carried out by Dries Staaks, leading to a
profound knowledge about its quantitative behaviour as well as quantitative approach
on stresses and stability. The latter is referred to as the “Law of Staaks”. On the basis
of the developed theory the application of twisted panels has been extended and
proven to be a valuable contribution in order to realise free form twisted glass
envelopes. Although the theory was...In 1992 Walter Lockefeer and Mick Eekhout designed an office for the Glass
Association in Gouda with a flamboyant glass envelope, which ended as runner-up in
an architectural competition. The design was classical in architectural sense and
futuristic in technical sense: it contained a...M. Eekhout, W. Lockefeer, D. Staaks73-82 -
Modern designs of exhibition stands, especially for motor shows, require more and
more transparency. To meet the designers‘ demands, it becomes necessary to use
glass not only as an element of design, but also as a load bearing element of the
structure. To give an example how the use of glass leads to an impressive result, the
structure of the glass façade around the upper floor of the exhibition stand
TOYOTA at the IAA 2005 will be described. The façade had a height of 2.8m and
was built over a length of 13.5m without any supporting elements. Glass panes at
the short side braced the structure by structural silicone bonding glass/aluminum. In
the corners curved glass elements with a very small radius of 465 mm were used.
All glass panes worked as glass to prevent from falling. The results from the
pendulum impact test of the curved glasses will be shown. Finally the experiences
with the structure related to production, mounting etc. will be concluded.Modern designs of exhibition stands, especially for motor shows, require more and
more transparency. To meet the designers‘ demands, it becomes necessary to use
glass not only as an element of design, but also as a load bearing element of the
structure. To give an example how the use of glass leads to an impressive result, the
structure of the glass façade around the upper floor of the exhibition stand
TOYOTA at the IAA 2005 will be described. The façade had a height of 2.8m and
was built over a length of 13.5m without any supporting elements. Glass panes at
the short side braced the structure by structural silicone bonding glass/aluminum. In
the corners curved glass elements with a very small radius of 465 mm were used.
All glass panes worked as glass to prevent from falling. The results from the
pendulum impact test of the curved glasses will be shown. Finally the experiences
with the structure related to production, mounting etc. will be...Modern designs of exhibition stands, especially for motor shows, require more and
more transparency. To meet the designers‘ demands, it becomes necessary to use
glass not only as an element of design, but also as a load bearing element of the
structure. To give an example how the...M. Kramer83-92 -
A new glass-steel roof for an auditorium of the “ex Sala Contrattazioni” in Cuneo
(I) was built in 2009, with a design resulted winner of an architectural concourse.
The construction, despite the small dimension, is the result of a design process that
involved many interdisciplinary professionals, from architectural conception to the
construction phase. The main structure has a non-conventional behavior and the
steel girders support the curved glass panes with point devices. This article offers
an overview of the design criteria, news on technological solutions, and unusual
construction methods applied to this particular application.A new glass-steel roof for an auditorium of the “ex Sala Contrattazioni” in Cuneo
(I) was built in 2009, with a design resulted winner of an architectural concourse.
The construction, despite the small dimension, is the result of a design process that
involved many interdisciplinary professionals, from architectural conception to the
construction phase. The main structure has a non-conventional behavior and the
steel girders support the curved glass panes with point devices. This article offers
an overview of the design criteria, news on technological solutions, and unusual
construction methods applied to this particular application.A new glass-steel roof for an auditorium of the “ex Sala Contrattazioni” in Cuneo
(I) was built in 2009, with a design resulted winner of an architectural concourse.
The construction, despite the small dimension, is the result of a design process that
involved many...L. Lani, D. Galgani93-100 -
The TKTS booth in Times Square, New York, is a 250m2 all glass public
amphitheater, with seating for 500 people. Its all glass load path includes treads,
rafters and the 4.9m tall SentryGlas laminated walls. The 9.1m long beams were
spliced using the overlap method with pins. The glass walls hold the full weight of
the structure above, and in the real world environment of Times Square there are
many possible causes of sudden failure including vehicle impact. A redundancy
system was developed that accounts for the complete loss of one or two panels. In
order to eliminate the need for metal lateral bracing, the treads were structurally
siliconed to the rafters. A number of tests were conducted to confirm the validity of
design concepts. This paper reviews the structural concepts behind the design, the
fabrication methods, and the testing that was completed.The TKTS booth in Times Square, New York, is a 250m2 all glass public
amphitheater, with seating for 500 people. Its all glass load path includes treads,
rafters and the 4.9m tall SentryGlas laminated walls. The 9.1m long beams were
spliced using the overlap method with pins. The glass walls hold the full weight of
the structure above, and in the real world environment of Times Square there are
many possible causes of sudden failure including vehicle impact. A redundancy
system was developed that accounts for the complete loss of one or two panels. In
order to eliminate the need for metal lateral bracing, the treads were structurally
siliconed to the rafters. A number of tests were conducted to confirm the validity of
design concepts. This paper reviews the structural concepts behind the design, the
fabrication methods, and the testing that was completed.The TKTS booth in Times Square, New York, is a 250m2 all glass public
amphitheater, with seating for 500 people. Its all glass load path includes treads,
rafters and the 4.9m tall SentryGlas laminated walls. The 9.1m long beams were
spliced using the overlap method with pins. The...M. Ludvik, A. Smith101-109 -
The challenge of preserving the 18th century ruin at Menokin, Virginia USA, has
inspired a radical scheme to authentically conserve the surviving architecture. The
ruined building is in a state of decay and Dewhurst Macfarlane & Partners have
designed a glass structure to re-establish the protection of the building envelope.
The plans presented are not ready for construction. Details for splicing together
timber and glass beams are discussed. The conservators plans to recreate the
missing elements in glass has led to the development of an all transparent structural
system. The paper discusses how the properties of acrylic and glass can be
combined to create composite elements that are sufficiently versatile to meet the
demands of reconstructing 18th century building elements.The challenge of preserving the 18th century ruin at Menokin, Virginia USA, has
inspired a radical scheme to authentically conserve the surviving architecture. The
ruined building is in a state of decay and Dewhurst Macfarlane & Partners have
designed a glass structure to re-establish the protection of the building envelope.
The plans presented are not ready for construction. Details for splicing together
timber and glass beams are discussed. The conservators plans to recreate the
missing elements in glass has led to the development of an all transparent structural
system. The paper discusses how the properties of acrylic and glass can be
combined to create composite elements that are sufficiently versatile to meet the
demands of reconstructing 18th century building elements.The challenge of preserving the 18th century ruin at Menokin, Virginia USA, has
inspired a radical scheme to authentically conserve the surviving architecture. The
ruined building is in a state of decay and Dewhurst Macfarlane & Partners have
designed a glass structure to...E. Lowe109-117 -
This paper focuses on three key areas in the design and use of glass as a structural
material, illustrating these areas with the use of Apple Store Upper West Side as a
case study: 1. Introduction to the structural principles required to design transparent
structures; 2. The design of large glass structures, from concept through design
development to final details, from global structural models to local stresses in
connections; 3. The variations in structural capacity of glass with changes in load
duration, methods of load application and location of high stresses.This paper focuses on three key areas in the design and use of glass as a structural
material, illustrating these areas with the use of Apple Store Upper West Side as a
case study: 1. Introduction to the structural principles required to design transparent
structures; 2. The design of large glass structures, from concept through design
development to final details, from global structural models to local stresses in
connections; 3. The variations in structural capacity of glass with changes in load
duration, methods of load application and location of high stresses.This paper focuses on three key areas in the design and use of glass as a structural
material, illustrating these areas with the use of Apple Store Upper West Side as a
case study: 1. Introduction to the structural principles required to design transparent
structures; 2. The design of...M. Marchewska119-128 -
The 1,350 foot high Willis Tower (formerly known as Sears Tower) was looking
for a grand attraction for their Skydeck in 2008. Few structures in the world have
glass floors (both interior and exterior), and almost all are continuously supported
along their edges with steel supports. In order to create a dramatic, unimpeded
view of the City of Chicago the Skydeck Owners conceived of a glass platform that
would protrude out of the building envelope and enable tourists, guests, and long
time residents of the City to walk outside the building and look down the 1,350 foot
exterior to the sidewalk below and have un-impeded views of the city. The
structural glass floor system was designed to be supported by glass wall panels on
three sides. In addition, the entire platform was constructed to be movable; into
and out of the building. By allowing the glass observation box to move it could be
constructed on the interior of the building and enable the automated window
washing system for the rest of the building to continue functioning un-obstructed as
well. Every piece of glass on this structure is designed to carry pedestrian loads
and work with elegant connections that are at once exposed and architecturally
sculpted to disappear when the view of the city is observed by the guests on top of
the highest structural glass floor in the world. In addition to gravity loads, and
coordinating the retraction mechanism, the glass was designed with attention to
redundant laminates and supports, according to the buildings high wind loads, and
requiring special permissions by the City of Chicago for construction to begin.The 1,350 foot high Willis Tower (formerly known as Sears Tower) was looking
for a grand attraction for their Skydeck in 2008. Few structures in the world have
glass floors (both interior and exterior), and almost all are continuously supported
along their edges with steel supports. In order to create a dramatic, unimpeded
view of the City of Chicago the Skydeck Owners conceived of a glass platform that
would protrude out of the building envelope and enable tourists, guests, and long
time residents of the City to walk outside the building and look down the 1,350 foot
exterior to the sidewalk below and have un-impeded views of the city. The
structural glass floor system was designed to be supported by glass wall panels on
three sides. In addition, the entire platform was constructed to be movable; into
and out of the building. By allowing the glass observation box to move it could be
constructed on the interior of the building and enable the...The 1,350 foot high Willis Tower (formerly known as Sears Tower) was looking
for a grand attraction for their Skydeck in 2008. Few structures in the world have
glass floors (both interior and exterior), and almost all are continuously supported
along their edges with steel supports....T. McDonnell, D. Thompson129-138 -
The Victoria & Albert Museum in London was recently extended with its Medieval
and Renaissance Galleries. Designed by MUMA Architects (London), an existing
outside courtyard has been transformed by the addition of a glass roof into a light
filled exhibition space.Due to the existing geometry of the surrounding buildings, and
several boundary conditions set by the architects, the surface of the roof could not be
flat. Instead, it had to be twisted into an undevelopable hypar surface. Pre-engineering
by Dewhurst Macfarlane (London) indicated the possibility of achieving this surface
with cold bent glass panels. The experience of Octatube with this kind of surfaces as
well as the development of a theory of cold bent glass panels, transformed the
possibility into a reality. A further complication of the design rested in the fact that
the load bearing construction of the glass roof panels was unusually long, triple
laminated glass beams. To provide a suitable fail safe concept for the glass roof, it
was insufficient to consider only the separate members of the construction. Instead, to
describe the fail safe behaviour of the structure, all parts had to be considered to work
together during an emergency situation.The Victoria & Albert Museum in London was recently extended with its Medieval
and Renaissance Galleries. Designed by MUMA Architects (London), an existing
outside courtyard has been transformed by the addition of a glass roof into a light
filled exhibition space.Due to the existing geometry of the surrounding buildings, and
several boundary conditions set by the architects, the surface of the roof could not be
flat. Instead, it had to be twisted into an undevelopable hypar surface. Pre-engineering
by Dewhurst Macfarlane (London) indicated the possibility of achieving this surface
with cold bent glass panels. The experience of Octatube with this kind of surfaces as
well as the development of a theory of cold bent glass panels, transformed the
possibility into a reality. A further complication of the design rested in the fact that
the load bearing construction of the glass roof panels was unusually long, triple
laminated glass beams. To provide...The Victoria & Albert Museum in London was recently extended with its Medieval
and Renaissance Galleries. Designed by MUMA Architects (London), an existing
outside courtyard has been transformed by the addition of a glass roof into a light
filled exhibition space.Due to the...M. Eekhout, S. Niderehe139-148 -
The architect Fedde Reeskamp, from the ‘Architectenkamer’ in Haarlem had
designed a mosque for the client ‘Islamitische Stichting Nederland Selimiye’ in
Haarlem. The design consists of a blockwork mosque with a dome on top, visually
apparent in silhouette of the mosque. He came with this enquiry for a dome to
Octatube. The contrast between the solid building block-shape and the dome on top
led to the suggestion to have the dome made in glass, out of its extreme contrast.
Octatube designed a self-supporting dome of solely insulated glass panels, without
any frame or structure. Thanks to a hidden tensile system with corner joints, the
complete dome is a reliable structure of glass and tensile spokes.The architect Fedde Reeskamp, from the ‘Architectenkamer’ in Haarlem had
designed a mosque for the client ‘Islamitische Stichting Nederland Selimiye’ in
Haarlem. The design consists of a blockwork mosque with a dome on top, visually
apparent in silhouette of the mosque. He came with this enquiry for a dome to
Octatube. The contrast between the solid building block-shape and the dome on top
led to the suggestion to have the dome made in glass, out of its extreme contrast.
Octatube designed a self-supporting dome of solely insulated glass panels, without
any frame or structure. Thanks to a hidden tensile system with corner joints, the
complete dome is a reliable structure of glass and tensile spokes.The architect Fedde Reeskamp, from the ‘Architectenkamer’ in Haarlem had
designed a mosque for the client ‘Islamitische Stichting Nederland Selimiye’ in
Haarlem. The design consists of a blockwork mosque with a dome on top, visually
apparent in silhouette of the mosque. He...M. Eekhout, D. Staaks149-160 -
On a square in the old city center of Haarlem (NL) on top of an underground car
park garage a glass entrance building was designed by architect Kraayvanger Urbis.
ABT/ Rob Nijsse developed the all glass structure for this spectacular building. The
fact that the stability was provided by the roof in combination with the four walls of
the project makes it something special. Also the application of full glass rods in the
structure of the roof is an innovation in the world of making glass structures.On a square in the old city center of Haarlem (NL) on top of an underground car
park garage a glass entrance building was designed by architect Kraayvanger Urbis.
ABT/ Rob Nijsse developed the all glass structure for this spectacular building. The
fact that the stability was provided by the roof in combination with the four walls of
the project makes it something special. Also the application of full glass rods in the
structure of the roof is an innovation in the world of making glass structures.On a square in the old city center of Haarlem (NL) on top of an underground car
park garage a glass entrance building was designed by architect Kraayvanger Urbis.
ABT/ Rob Nijsse developed the all glass structure for this spectacular building. The
fact that the stability was provided...R. Nijsse161-168 -
Glass has a long tradition as a medium for art and sculptural design. Yet, with a
few notable exceptions, these items remain small and studio based. Over the last
six years, the author has developed a number of larger scale projects which bridge
the gap between architecture and sculpture. These projects incorporate
predominantly annealed glass and rely on gravity and mass for stability, yet their
simplicity of form belies a complexity of construction. This paper explains the
typologies of mass glass structures and explores the geometrical, engineering,
manufacturing and installation challenges which have been encountered and
overcome in their realization.Glass has a long tradition as a medium for art and sculptural design. Yet, with a
few notable exceptions, these items remain small and studio based. Over the last
six years, the author has developed a number of larger scale projects which bridge
the gap between architecture and sculpture. These projects incorporate
predominantly annealed glass and rely on gravity and mass for stability, yet their
simplicity of form belies a complexity of construction. This paper explains the
typologies of mass glass structures and explores the geometrical, engineering,
manufacturing and installation challenges which have been encountered and
overcome in their realization.Glass has a long tradition as a medium for art and sculptural design. Yet, with a
few notable exceptions, these items remain small and studio based. Over the last
six years, the author has developed a number of larger scale projects which bridge
the gap between architecture and...A. Smith169-178 -
The highlight of the Joe and Rika Mansueto Library in Chicago is an almost
dematerialized glazed steel grid shell spanning over the reading room. The
geometrically constructed translational shell is 36.5 m wide, 73 m long and features
a mesh size of 2 by 2 m. The building, currently under construction, includes
further special structures as a 20 m long, glazed steel bridge connecting the new
library with the existing building and a row of glass study rooms, which reach a
total transparency by exploiting the structural properties of glass. The present
article gives an overview of the design, calculation and construction phases of the
grid shell and the other special structuresThe highlight of the Joe and Rika Mansueto Library in Chicago is an almost
dematerialized glazed steel grid shell spanning over the reading room. The
geometrically constructed translational shell is 36.5 m wide, 73 m long and features
a mesh size of 2 by 2 m. The building, currently under construction, includes
further special structures as a 20 m long, glazed steel bridge connecting the new
library with the existing building and a row of glass study rooms, which reach a
total transparency by exploiting the structural properties of glass. The present
article gives an overview of the design, calculation and construction phases of the
grid shell and the other special structuresThe highlight of the Joe and Rika Mansueto Library in Chicago is an almost
dematerialized glazed steel grid shell spanning over the reading room. The
geometrically constructed translational shell is 36.5 m wide, 73 m long and features
a mesh size of 2 by 2 m. The building, currently...W. Sobek, L. Blandini179-186 -
In 2004/2005 a design of a theatre extension in Vlaardingen, ‘de Stadsgehoorzaal’
was made by architect Cees Spanjers, Mick Eekhout and Octatube Engineering.
This façade contains the lobby at the first floor. The façade had to obtain a
characteristic design in the townscape. The structure of roof and floor in steel
enabled the façade to be independent. However, the architect required a solution
where the visually lightweight structure would be independent and wrapped around
both left and right corner. This wrapping caused interesting problems which were
solved by a tubular frame structure on top, bottom and both ends and a fish belly
truss at the both corners. In doing so the glass façade could obtain an extreme
lightweight composition.In 2004/2005 a design of a theatre extension in Vlaardingen, ‘de Stadsgehoorzaal’
was made by architect Cees Spanjers, Mick Eekhout and Octatube Engineering.
This façade contains the lobby at the first floor. The façade had to obtain a
characteristic design in the townscape. The structure of roof and floor in steel
enabled the façade to be independent. However, the architect required a solution
where the visually lightweight structure would be independent and wrapped around
both left and right corner. This wrapping caused interesting problems which were
solved by a tubular frame structure on top, bottom and both ends and a fish belly
truss at the both corners. In doing so the glass façade could obtain an extreme
lightweight composition.In 2004/2005 a design of a theatre extension in Vlaardingen, ‘de Stadsgehoorzaal’
was made by architect Cees Spanjers, Mick Eekhout and Octatube Engineering.
This façade contains the lobby at the first floor. The façade had to obtain a
characteristic design in the townscape. The...M. Eekhout, D. Staaks195-204 -
An ultimately transparent glass building in almost cubical form of 30x30x21 m, to
function as the future entrance building of the Santander Bancopolis complex
southwest of Madrid. Conceptual design by architect Alfonso Millanes and structural
design by Octatube. The structure is composed of ultra slender cable stayed tubular
columns and trusses placed in a grid of 5m and cladded with insulated glass made
from fully tempered outer panels and heat strengthened laminated inner panels. Size
of all glass panels is 2.5 x 2.5 m². The insulated glass ensures additional stabilisation
of the overall enveloping structure. The roof panels are partly twisted to obtain a
fluent slope for drainage. The roof gutters are positioned at 2.5 m from the roof edge,
thus creating a free glass edge. The side walls of the gutters are made of insulated
glass panels. The glass type chosen is ‘extra-white’, emphasizing the glass cube as a
sparkling crystal in the landscape.An ultimately transparent glass building in almost cubical form of 30x30x21 m, to
function as the future entrance building of the Santander Bancopolis complex
southwest of Madrid. Conceptual design by architect Alfonso Millanes and structural
design by Octatube. The structure is composed of ultra slender cable stayed tubular
columns and trusses placed in a grid of 5m and cladded with insulated glass made
from fully tempered outer panels and heat strengthened laminated inner panels. Size
of all glass panels is 2.5 x 2.5 m². The insulated glass ensures additional stabilisation
of the overall enveloping structure. The roof panels are partly twisted to obtain a
fluent slope for drainage. The roof gutters are positioned at 2.5 m from the roof edge,
thus creating a free glass edge. The side walls of the gutters are made of insulated
glass panels. The glass type chosen is ‘extra-white’, emphasizing the glass cube as a
sparkling crystal in the...An ultimately transparent glass building in almost cubical form of 30x30x21 m, to
function as the future entrance building of the Santander Bancopolis complex
southwest of Madrid. Conceptual design by architect Alfonso Millanes and structural
design by Octatube. The structure is...M. Eekhout, L. Weber195-204 -
This case study describes the path to an all glass enclosure that was recently built at
the Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Material Research in Dresden. The idea of
a fully transparent structure without distracting metal bolts or clamps was developed
from the first idea to final solution in close collaboration between the client,
the design team, researchers and industrial partners. Four glass frames, joined by
transparent acrylate adhesives at their edges, support the outer walls and the ceiling
of the glass enclosure. Regular loading scenarios as well as different failure scenarios
were analysed to evaluate redundancy of the structural system. Comprehensive
testing was carried out, based on previous research on acrylate adhesives.This case study describes the path to an all glass enclosure that was recently built at
the Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Material Research in Dresden. The idea of
a fully transparent structure without distracting metal bolts or clamps was developed
from the first idea to final solution in close collaboration between the client,
the design team, researchers and industrial partners. Four glass frames, joined by
transparent acrylate adhesives at their edges, support the outer walls and the ceiling
of the glass enclosure. Regular loading scenarios as well as different failure scenarios
were analysed to evaluate redundancy of the structural system. Comprehensive
testing was carried out, based on previous research on acrylate adhesives.This case study describes the path to an all glass enclosure that was recently built at
the Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Material Research in Dresden. The idea of
a fully transparent structure without distracting metal bolts or clamps was developed
from the first idea to...B. Weller, F. Nicklisch, V. Prautzsch, F. Döbbel, S. Rücker205-214 -
In the last years Gartner Steel and Glass has designed, engineered and erected
several complex structures with load carrying glass elements. This presentation
concentrates on current projects that will be finished in 2010. Glass bridges are
under construction for the projects “Eaton Centre” in Calgary and “Ritz-Carlton
Hotel” in Toronto. Projects with glass walls are in design and testing phases for the
projects “Willy Brandt Platz” in Frankfurt and “Kravis Center, Living Room” in
Los Angeles. Besides an overview of the structural systems this presentation
concentrates on challenges in testing, production, transportation, and erection of
these structures.In the last years Gartner Steel and Glass has designed, engineered and erected
several complex structures with load carrying glass elements. This presentation
concentrates on current projects that will be finished in 2010. Glass bridges are
under construction for the projects “Eaton Centre” in Calgary and “Ritz-Carlton
Hotel” in Toronto. Projects with glass walls are in design and testing phases for the
projects “Willy Brandt Platz” in Frankfurt and “Kravis Center, Living Room” in
Los Angeles. Besides an overview of the structural systems this presentation
concentrates on challenges in testing, production, transportation, and erection of
these structures.In the last years Gartner Steel and Glass has designed, engineered and erected
several complex structures with load carrying glass elements. This presentation
concentrates on current projects that will be finished in 2010. Glass bridges are
under construction for the projects “Eaton...F. Wellershoff, M. Sendelbach, F. Schmitt215-224 -
Halcrow Yolles was retained to conceptualize ideas for a glass bridge designed to
span across the main lobby of a new hotel. Its defining feature, laminated glass
balustrades, span continuously over the entire nine metre opening. Design work for
the bridge was completed using a finite element model of the entire bridge allowing
for a detailed analysis of stress concentrations in the glass at bearing bolt
connections. Special attention was paid to the transportation and erection of the
bridge to ensure that the large panels remained intact. This project demonstrates
how state of the art glass production techniques in combination with leading edge
design methodology can lead to architecturally interesting structures.Halcrow Yolles was retained to conceptualize ideas for a glass bridge designed to
span across the main lobby of a new hotel. Its defining feature, laminated glass
balustrades, span continuously over the entire nine metre opening. Design work for
the bridge was completed using a finite element model of the entire bridge allowing
for a detailed analysis of stress concentrations in the glass at bearing bolt
connections. Special attention was paid to the transportation and erection of the
bridge to ensure that the large panels remained intact. This project demonstrates
how state of the art glass production techniques in combination with leading edge
design methodology can lead to architecturally interesting structures.Halcrow Yolles was retained to conceptualize ideas for a glass bridge designed to
span across the main lobby of a new hotel. Its defining feature, laminated glass
balustrades, span continuously over the entire nine metre opening. Design work for
the bridge was completed using a finite...D. Wittenberg, M. Krynski225-231
Stability & Strength
-
During tempering or other heat treatment processes an uneven temperature field or even an asymmetric temperature field can be created in glass. In an asymmetric case glass can bend depending on the degree of temperature difference. With a
known temperature field thermal strains, stress field, and deformations can be calculated. In the paper the theory governing the stress field and deformations is presented. A viscoelastic behavior with the structural relaxation of glass is taken into account.During tempering or other heat treatment processes an uneven temperature field or even an asymmetric temperature field can be created in glass. In an asymmetric case glass can bend depending on the degree of temperature difference. With a
known temperature field thermal strains, stress field, and deformations can be calculated. In the paper the theory governing the stress field and deformations is presented. A viscoelastic behavior with the structural relaxation of glass is taken into account.During tempering or other heat treatment processes an uneven temperature field or even an asymmetric temperature field can be created in glass. In an asymmetric case glass can bend depending on the degree of temperature difference. With a
known temperature field thermal strains, stress...Antti Aronen279 - 286 -
Elastic Strain Energy Release at Failure and its Consequence for Structural Glass Testing and Design
The amount of elastic strain energy that is being released upon initial failure of a structural glass element has profound influence on its post-initial failure load bearing capacity. This paper discusses the relevance of this notion to the evaluation of structural glass testing and the consequences it may have for structural glass design. It means, among others, that post-failure behaviour may be highly geometry dependent as well as strongly related to the cause of the initial failure (as both
determine the amount of energy released at failure). The options to limit the consequences of energy release will be discussed. The result of application of one of these options to the design of reinforced glass beams is shown.The amount of elastic strain energy that is being released upon initial failure of a structural glass element has profound influence on its post-initial failure load bearing capacity. This paper discusses the relevance of this notion to the evaluation of structural glass testing and the consequences it may have for structural glass design. It means, among others, that post-failure behaviour may be highly geometry dependent as well as strongly related to the cause of the initial failure (as both
determine the amount of energy released at failure). The options to limit the consequences of energy release will be discussed. The result of application of one of these options to the design of reinforced glass beams is shown.The amount of elastic strain energy that is being released upon initial failure of a structural glass element has profound influence on its post-initial failure load bearing capacity. This paper discusses the relevance of this notion to the evaluation of structural glass testing and the...
Freek Bos287-296 -
This paper presents a safety classification of 14 different of glass beam designs based on experimental research, using the Integrated Approach to Structural Glass Safety (introduced by the author, [1], [2]). The design parameters included the number of layers (2 or 3), the level of prestress (annealed, heat strengthened, thermally tempered), and laminate type (PVB or SG). Additionally, steel reinforced glass beams were tested. Three different methods were applied to obtain complete
redundancy curves (development of residual strength under increasing levels of damage): 4-point bending after no, partial, or full damage. The damage was applied by a custom made impact device consisting of a spring loaded flat steel head that
impacted the edges of the glass layers of the beams. The resulting Element Safety Diagrams of each design is discussed. Relativized curves are used to compare the safety of the designs.This paper presents a safety classification of 14 different of glass beam designs based on experimental research, using the Integrated Approach to Structural Glass Safety (introduced by the author, [1], [2]). The design parameters included the number of layers (2 or 3), the level of prestress (annealed, heat strengthened, thermally tempered), and laminate type (PVB or SG). Additionally, steel reinforced glass beams were tested. Three different methods were applied to obtain complete
redundancy curves (development of residual strength under increasing levels of damage): 4-point bending after no, partial, or full damage. The damage was applied by a custom made impact device consisting of a spring loaded flat steel head that
impacted the edges of the glass layers of the beams. The resulting Element Safety Diagrams of each design is discussed. Relativized curves are used to compare the safety of the designs.This paper presents a safety classification of 14 different of glass beam designs based on experimental research, using the Integrated Approach to Structural Glass Safety (introduced by the author, [1], [2]). The design parameters included the number of layers (2 or 3), the level of...
Freek Bos297-308 -
Glass panes are increasingly being used to the stabilization of one storey buildings by acting as shear walls and thus replacing conventional bracings. This is the case of glass pavilions and some timber or steel frames or facades. The behaviour of such structural systems mainly depends on the stiffness of the connections. This research focuses on the prediction of the in-plane structural behaviour of steel and timber frames with a single pane fixed by circumferentially glued joints or by point support connectors. Mechanical models have been implemented and validated. The results obtained clearly demonstrate that the models can be applicable for the purpose of the non-cracking pre-design of panes acting as a shear wall because they
are able to predict the in-plane stiffness and the force necessary to obtain a certain horizontal in-plane displacement at the top.Glass panes are increasingly being used to the stabilization of one storey buildings by acting as shear walls and thus replacing conventional bracings. This is the case of glass pavilions and some timber or steel frames or facades. The behaviour of such structural systems mainly depends on the stiffness of the connections. This research focuses on the prediction of the in-plane structural behaviour of steel and timber frames with a single pane fixed by circumferentially glued joints or by point support connectors. Mechanical models have been implemented and validated. The results obtained clearly demonstrate that the models can be applicable for the purpose of the non-cracking pre-design of panes acting as a shear wall because they
are able to predict the in-plane stiffness and the force necessary to obtain a certain horizontal in-plane displacement at the top.Glass panes are increasingly being used to the stabilization of one storey buildings by acting as shear walls and thus replacing conventional bracings. This is the case of glass pavilions and some timber or steel frames or facades. The behaviour of such structural systems mainly depends on the...
Paulo J.S. Cruz, José Pequeno, Jean-Paul Lebet, Danijel Mocibob309-318 -
There is some knowledge on the stability behaviour of glass panes under axial loading, i.e. of their buckling stability. However, only a few investigations have been performed so far in this direction, predominantly at cross-sections with monopanes
and sporadically at cross-sections with laminated glass. Thus a research project was initiated by the German Steel Construction Association (DSTV) and the German Ministry of Economics, by which the buckling of pane-like glass columns with mono- and laminated sections was thoroughly investigated. The article focuses on the results for buckling with monolithic sections of heat strengthened and tempered glass, giving buckling curves proposed by derivations and experiments.There is some knowledge on the stability behaviour of glass panes under axial loading, i.e. of their buckling stability. However, only a few investigations have been performed so far in this direction, predominantly at cross-sections with monopanes
and sporadically at cross-sections with laminated glass. Thus a research project was initiated by the German Steel Construction Association (DSTV) and the German Ministry of Economics, by which the buckling of pane-like glass columns with mono- and laminated sections was thoroughly investigated. The article focuses on the results for buckling with monolithic sections of heat strengthened and tempered glass, giving buckling curves proposed by derivations and experiments.There is some knowledge on the stability behaviour of glass panes under axial loading, i.e. of their buckling stability. However, only a few investigations have been performed so far in this direction, predominantly at cross-sections with monopanes
and sporadically at cross-sections with...Markus Feldmann, Katharina Langosch319-330 -
Heat-strengthened glass with residual surface compressive stresses above those allowed by ASTM C1048 was installed in a curtain wall in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. To address building ownership’s concerns regarding postbreakage glass fallout, fragmentation tests were performed using a protocol adapted from EN 1863. Consistent with previous research, no significant difference in fragmentation was noted between samples with residual surface compressive
stresses conforming to ASTM C1048 and those with residual surface compressive stresses well beyond the established ASTM limits. Simplistic analyses revealed that, under certain modes of failure, risk of glass fallout is comparable for conforming
and nonconforming heat-strengthened glass. The completed testing also has implications for glass quality control processes.Heat-strengthened glass with residual surface compressive stresses above those allowed by ASTM C1048 was installed in a curtain wall in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. To address building ownership’s concerns regarding postbreakage glass fallout, fragmentation tests were performed using a protocol adapted from EN 1863. Consistent with previous research, no significant difference in fragmentation was noted between samples with residual surface compressive
stresses conforming to ASTM C1048 and those with residual surface compressive stresses well beyond the established ASTM limits. Simplistic analyses revealed that, under certain modes of failure, risk of glass fallout is comparable for conforming
and nonconforming heat-strengthened glass. The completed testing also has implications for glass quality control processes.Heat-strengthened glass with residual surface compressive stresses above those allowed by ASTM C1048 was installed in a curtain wall in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. To address building ownership’s concerns regarding postbreakage glass fallout, fragmentation tests were...
Mark K. Schmidt331-340 -
In this paper, the dynamic properties of a glass structures and glass components will be discussed. A short introduction to dynamic load will be presented as well as the basic principles of calculus used behind the widely understood finite element
analysis. A comprehensive review of the various damping concepts, coefficients and physical backgrounds will be summarized. The mathematical model is analyzed by Finite Element Method and by STRAND 7 software system. In this paper, the consideration of various damping concepts using FEM for the harmonic and transient dynamic analysis is addressed. Several key points are summarized.In this paper, the dynamic properties of a glass structures and glass components will be discussed. A short introduction to dynamic load will be presented as well as the basic principles of calculus used behind the widely understood finite element
analysis. A comprehensive review of the various damping concepts, coefficients and physical backgrounds will be summarized. The mathematical model is analyzed by Finite Element Method and by STRAND 7 software system. In this paper, the consideration of various damping concepts using FEM for the harmonic and transient dynamic analysis is addressed. Several key points are summarized.In this paper, the dynamic properties of a glass structures and glass components will be discussed. A short introduction to dynamic load will be presented as well as the basic principles of calculus used behind the widely understood finite element
analysis. A comprehensive review of the...Peter Lenk, Graham Coult341-350 -
The composite load bearing glass elements have the many advantages as compared with the massive glass structures [1, 2]. The use of high strength, plasticity or viscous behavior of the additional structural elements increases the safety and
strength of glass composite. However, the main peculiarities of glass composite mechanical deforming, strength and fracture are remain induced by the primary influence of elastic and brittle nature of glass components on the whole composite
structural behavior [1]. The technical approach for the assessment and management of the strength and durability of composite glass elements was developed basing on this position. The management of glass composite strength foresees the use some control tests of the mechanical state of glass components in the composite together with the specific constructional and technological solutions for strength increasing and maintenance in different service conditions [1-5]. Some results of the assessment and management of quality, strength and life time of the annealed and strengthened glass elements as the components of composites with increased carrying capacity are discussed in a paper.The composite load bearing glass elements have the many advantages as compared with the massive glass structures [1, 2]. The use of high strength, plasticity or viscous behavior of the additional structural elements increases the safety and
strength of glass composite. However, the main peculiarities of glass composite mechanical deforming, strength and fracture are remain induced by the primary influence of elastic and brittle nature of glass components on the whole composite
structural behavior [1]. The technical approach for the assessment and management of the strength and durability of composite glass elements was developed basing on this position. The management of glass composite strength foresees the use some control tests of the mechanical state of glass components in the composite together with the specific constructional and technological solutions for strength increasing and maintenance in different service conditions [1-5]. Some results of the assessment and...The composite load bearing glass elements have the many advantages as compared with the massive glass structures [1, 2]. The use of high strength, plasticity or viscous behavior of the additional structural elements increases the safety and
strength of glass composite. However, the main...Yurii Rodichev351-362 -
This paper poses the theory that the fracture resistance of basic float glass is dependent on it physicochemical properties and the surface defects formed under the float glass production, glass processing and handling at the service conditions
compose the aggregate basis for structural glass strength assessment. The effect of loading conditions, constructional and technological factors on the engineering strength of glass can be evaluated in certain cases using fracture mechanics with
information on the initial surface defects in glass elements. The correlation between the data on glass surface defects, fracture resistance and structural strength of glass is analyzed using the results received at the testing of different types of specimens. It is shown in the paper that quality management of the processing of glass elements gives a good possibility to control the strength of load bearing glass structures.This paper poses the theory that the fracture resistance of basic float glass is dependent on it physicochemical properties and the surface defects formed under the float glass production, glass processing and handling at the service conditions
compose the aggregate basis for structural glass strength assessment. The effect of loading conditions, constructional and technological factors on the engineering strength of glass can be evaluated in certain cases using fracture mechanics with
information on the initial surface defects in glass elements. The correlation between the data on glass surface defects, fracture resistance and structural strength of glass is analyzed using the results received at the testing of different types of specimens. It is shown in the paper that quality management of the processing of glass elements gives a good possibility to control the strength of load bearing glass structures.This paper poses the theory that the fracture resistance of basic float glass is dependent on it physicochemical properties and the surface defects formed under the float glass production, glass processing and handling at the service conditions
compose the aggregate basis for structural...Yurii Rodichev, Frederic Veer363-374 -
The response of an architectural glazing panel to dynamic loading, such as that from explosions, is analysed using an explicit dynamic finite element algorithm coded into a computer program. This software allows for the simulation of various
glazing types, and is capable of predicting displacements and stresses up to cracking of the glass and the hazard level experienced by occupants. A variety of support conditions are available, along with several methods of specifying the blast
load. Details and challenges of the numerical algorithm and coding are presented, together with the verification procedure that was performed through comparisons with results from analyses using general-purpose finite element programs and from available literature. In parallel, experimentation was performed to determine the dynamic mechanical properties of glass by testing the material in a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar.The response of an architectural glazing panel to dynamic loading, such as that from explosions, is analysed using an explicit dynamic finite element algorithm coded into a computer program. This software allows for the simulation of various
glazing types, and is capable of predicting displacements and stresses up to cracking of the glass and the hazard level experienced by occupants. A variety of support conditions are available, along with several methods of specifying the blast
load. Details and challenges of the numerical algorithm and coding are presented, together with the verification procedure that was performed through comparisons with results from analyses using general-purpose finite element programs and from available literature. In parallel, experimentation was performed to determine the dynamic mechanical properties of glass by testing the material in a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar.The response of an architectural glazing panel to dynamic loading, such as that from explosions, is analysed using an explicit dynamic finite element algorithm coded into a computer program. This software allows for the simulation of various
glazing types, and is capable of predicting...Michael Seica, Michal Krynski, Jeffrey Packer375-384 -
Although soda lime glass is the most common used transparent material in architecture, little is known about the corrosion effects on long term strength and the interaction between corrosion and defects. Extensive testing on soda lime bars
under different environmental conditions and different degrees of damage has resulted in a more clear picture of the stress-corrosion mechanisms involved. The effects of these on long term strength are discussed.Although soda lime glass is the most common used transparent material in architecture, little is known about the corrosion effects on long term strength and the interaction between corrosion and defects. Extensive testing on soda lime bars
under different environmental conditions and different degrees of damage has resulted in a more clear picture of the stress-corrosion mechanisms involved. The effects of these on long term strength are discussed.Although soda lime glass is the most common used transparent material in architecture, little is known about the corrosion effects on long term strength and the interaction between corrosion and defects. Extensive testing on soda lime bars
under different environmental conditions and...Frederic Veer, Yurii Rodichev385-394 -
The strength of float glass is a necessary engineering parameter. Determining this strength is a complex problem. Earlier results have shown that statistically bending test results are not a homogeneous group. To explain this, a theory of “hidden
damage” is proposed. The essence of this theory is that the different sides of float glass are unequal, not only because of the differences between the Tin and nitrogen sides, but because of the difference between the side scored under the sheet glass cutting and the side which has the crack propagation from the scored side in breaking. Extensive tests on rolled glass suggest that the rolling process damages the glass in a special way, causing “invisible” damage – statistically not a
homogeneous distribution of micro-cracks on the edge surface of glass element. These micro-cracks are different on the scored and broken sides of glass. They are the fracture source under the loading and influence negatively on glass element
strength and statistics of strength data.This “invisible” damage explains most if not all of the non-homogenous distribution of the test results. It is shown that removal of this damage on the edges of glass elements increases the engineering strength of float glass significantly.The strength of float glass is a necessary engineering parameter. Determining this strength is a complex problem. Earlier results have shown that statistically bending test results are not a homogeneous group. To explain this, a theory of “hidden
damage” is proposed. The essence of this theory is that the different sides of float glass are unequal, not only because of the differences between the Tin and nitrogen sides, but because of the difference between the side scored under the sheet glass cutting and the side which has the crack propagation from the scored side in breaking. Extensive tests on rolled glass suggest that the rolling process damages the glass in a special way, causing “invisible” damage – statistically not a
homogeneous distribution of micro-cracks on the edge surface of glass element. These micro-cracks are different on the scored and broken sides of glass. They are the fracture source under the loading and influence negatively on glass...The strength of float glass is a necessary engineering parameter. Determining this strength is a complex problem. Earlier results have shown that statistically bending test results are not a homogeneous group. To explain this, a theory of “hidden
damage” is proposed. The essence of this...Frederic Veer, Yurii Rodichev395-404